The prefinal ending—tense, honorific The consonant stem is the stem having consonant at the lower part, e.g. 먹-, 울-, 웃-. The vowel stem is the opposite term, e.g. 예쁘-, 흐르-, 지-, 내리-. '으' as in 감으니, 감으며 is euphony(euphonic vowel). '-고, -더니' as in '물들고, 물들더니' are consonant endings. Prefinal endings can be divided into two categories by distribution. The following shows the endings of wide distribution. I. (A)-시- (B)-는-, -었-, -겠- (C)-옵- I(A), which has the most largest combination with other endings, forms the 주체높임법(존경법). '-시' requires euphonic vowel(매개모음) '으' if it attaches to other consonants except 'ㄹ'. I(B) generally decides the tense. '-는-' is the prefinal ending comes between a consonant stem and declarative ending '-다', whilst its allomorph '-ㄴ-' is placed under a vowel stem. Thus, the two are defined phonologically. '-는-' in exclamatory sentence '먹는구나, 먹는구먼, 먹는구려; 가는구나, 가는구먼, 가는구려' also comes under this category, so, in this case,'-는-' is defined morphologically. There's limit in distribution of usage in '-는/ㄴ-' and '-는-', but they are regarded as the prefinal endings signifying the tense since the flexible replaceability with other tense-morphemes. II. (D) 웃는다, 간다, 웃는구나, 웃는구나 cf. 웃었다, 웃겠다, 갔다, 가겠다, 웃었구나, 갔구나 etc. '-었-' is the prefinal ending used for the past tense. It follows the stem of 음성모음(ㅓ, ㅜ, ㅕ, ㅠ, ㅔ, ㅝ, ㅟ, ㅖ), whilst '-았-' follows the stem of 양성모음(ㅏ, ㅗ, ㅑ, ㅛ, ㅘ, ㅚ, ㅐ). Therefore the two are phonologic allomorph, and '-였-' following 'ㅏ, ㅗ' such as '하였-', '모였-' is morphologic. '-었-' can combine with most of endings, though it doesn't reach to that combinability of'-시-'. '-겠-' alone can make the future tense, but if it follows the ending '-었-', it signifies only the meaning of guess about the past event, and the following ending is more restrictive than '-었-'. For reference, you hear '-었-' when you pronounce '-였-' long such as 여어어었(longer -였-). e.g. 재밌었겠네요, 모였겠네요, 알았겠습니까? I(C) '-옵-' is used to show respect toward the hearer(the other person hearing), this is common in literary style as prayer, history drama than colloquial. Though '-옵-' is rare except for the the comedy material in spoken Korean, '-옵-' shows wide usage in written Korean. '-옵-' appears before the consonant ending, e.g. 가옵고, 가옵더니. '-오' appears before the vowel ending or the ending that requires euphony, e.g. 가

wrestling something extra out of him. "I've decided to trade with Enrik again, and I'm set on wrestling something extra out of him. Wouldn't that be a feat?" What does 'wrestling something extra out of him' mean here?

'seem bothered by a fly'/'seem to care about a fly'/ 'seem concerned with a fly'? "He didn't seem bothered by a fly that was buzzing around his face." Does the following sentences mean the same as the above sentence, otherwise is there difference between the above and the other two sentences? 1."He didn't seem to care about a fly that was buzzing around his face." 2."He didn't seem concerned with a fly that was buzzing around his face."

Is 'ancient grandfather' the same word as 'great-grand father'? father>grand father>great-grand father(=ancient grandfather)??If not, 'ancient grandfather'=great-great-grandfather?

What does 'salt pork soaking' in this sentence mean? Marda added more water to the salt pork soaking for dinner. Is it interchangeable with 'the soaking salt pork'?

Does 'feel squeezed' mean 'under stress' in this case? "Certainly, they have felt squeezed and obliged to deal with other matters." Does the above sentence essentially mean the same as 'Certainly, they were under stress and obliged to deal with other matters.'?

meaning of before "~time ~before the workers passed by, before snow encased the mt~" " From outside wafted one of the chanting songs the workers sang as they walked to the quarry. I hear a work song say winter is long. 'The sound came closer, and with it an insistence that it was time join in, hurry, hurry, before the workers passed by, before snow encased the mountain inside winter.'" 1.Does 'before' in 'before the workers passed by' and 'before snow encased the mountain' indicate 'time before', otherwise 'in front of'? 2.What does 'chanting songs' mean?