Selam Mariana. Yes you are right. This sound palatalizes the letters k,g,l, and makes you pronunce 'a' sound longer. eg: Hala (aunt) - /ha la/ Hâlâ (still) - /haa lıaa/ (palatalized) The reason for that difference is we have massive amount of Arabic and Farsi words borrowed. After we switched to Latin alphabet from Arabic in 1928, we needed to figure out a way to be able to keep using those Arabic words. Hope that helps. :)

Hi Marina. It's a great question! We can call it as "Deletion of Narrow Vowel" (dropping of a vowel? (maybe)) Narrow vowel in last syllable of SOME words is deleted when these words take a vowel affix: Ağız-ım>ağzım, burun-u>burnum, şehir-i>şehri… This situation can’t be seen in reduplications: Ağızdan ağza, burun buruna, omuz omuza… To beter clarify; This situation occurs with some words but not all. The reason might be because of some borrowed words from other languages. We call it as elision/omission of sound or narrow vowel. Narrow vowels in Turkish language are [a, ı, o, u] If a word has 2 syllable, and has one of these narrow vowels in the second syllable, and if you want to add a suffix to that word beginning with a vowel, you omit the narrow vowel in the second syllable. So, in a nutshell, 1- a word has 2 syllable 2- 2nd syllable has a narrow vowel, 3- you want to add an affix to it beginning with a vowel 4- remove the narrow vowel in the second syllable eg: » karın – ı → karnı » beyin – imiz → beynimiz » oğul – u → oğlu » gönül – e → gönle bağır- bağırım burun - burnu alın- alnı ağız- ağzı karın- karnı I hope that helps. Good luck! :)

I think there is a slight difference between the maximum and the maximal. While maximum is the 'maximum' which means there might not be something higher than that, maximal is more ambiguous. Besides that, while 'maximum' might be both a noun and an adjective, maximal is always an adjective.

1 and 2 is totally OK, while 'ne giydin' is mostly used to ask for the past. e.g. A: dün partide herkes kıyafetime güldü. B: Ne giydin? / Ne giymiştin? A: Mor bir penguen kostümü.

Çek. Writing a paper cheque = çek yazmak e.g. writing a dud cheque is a major offense in the U.S. Karşılıksız çek yazmak Amerika'da büyük bir suçtur.

Ali bana <strike>uçar</strike> uçan balıktan <strike>anlattı</strike> bahsetti. (Ali told me about flying fishes.)
Zeki, 1980 senesinde dünyaya geldi. O, önceleri gazeteciydi sonra yazar oldu.
Çıkmaza <strike>gittim</strike> girdim, <strike>çıkmazdan çıkar bana göster</strike>. Beni bu çıkmazdan kurtar, Ve sana <strike>teşekkür olurum</strike>. minnettar kalırım. (I went to the impasse, show me the way out of the impasse. And I will be grateful to you)
O yaşar ve etrafındaki hiçbir şeyi farketmez. (He lives and does not notice anything around him.) ['but' is better than 'and' here.] 
Her hafta yeni bir Türkçe gazete<strike>yi</strike> alırız, fakat <strike>onları</strike> <strike>okur kimsemizden daha yok</strike>. aramızda daha onları okuyan kimse yok. (We receive a new newspaper in Turkish every week, but among us there are still no people reading them.)
<strike>Yazın burada</strike> Burası yazın sıcak, kışın soğuk olur.
Bu kış<strike>ın</strike> onu Moskova'ya getiririz.