Hi Juhn, "Damn" is a curse word (most people know not to say it around children), but it's pretty low on the curse word hierarchy. Many people say "damn" at the office, but most people wait until they're comfortable with the particular coworker they're talking to before using it around them. You typically wouldn't say "damn" in an interview, for example. As for daily life, like you noted, "damn" can be used in a variety of different contexts, and mean a variety of different things. The set phrase it's used in in this instance, "I don't give a damn", is pretty dismissive, and would be rude in all the same contexts that "I don't care" would be; however, the rudeness is more based on the dismissiveness than on the word "damn" itself. Hope that helps clear things up, but let me know if not! :-)

Every man! And actually, everybody, not just men. Proverbs often use this old style, and frequently use "he" and "man" to refer to everyone.

Could anyone please correct my recipe? I only need help from native English speakers!

INGREDIENTS
150g thinly sliced pork belly
150g daikon radish
80g carrot
100g burdock root
100g konnyaku
1 naganegi or spring onion
600 ml dashi stock
60g miso
1 tablespoon soy sauce
Thinly sliced green onion (optional)
Shichimi tougarashi / 7 spice chili powder (optional)

Directions
1. Peel the daikon radish and carrot.
2. Cut the daikon radish and carrot into quarters lengthwise and then cut into thin slices.
3. Wash the burdock root well, then scrape the skin with the back of a knife. Don’t peel the burdock too much, as the part just under the skin contains a lot of nutrients and <strike>good</strike> flavor.
4. Make several long shallow cuts lengthwise all the way around <strike>on</strike> the burdock root.
5. Shave the burdock root into small strips. (Grate? Shred?) 
6. Soak the burdock in cold water for about 5 minutes to remove bitterness, then drain.
7. Cut the spring onion into 2 cm long pieces.
8. Cut the konnyaku into thin short strips.
9. Cut the pork belly into 3 cm thick slices.
10. Heat the pan over medium heat, add vegetable oil and then add the pork and sauté well.
11. Add the daikon, carrot, burdock root, spring onion and konnyaku and stir-fry.
12. Once the fat from the pork is evenly coating the vegetables, add the dashi stock and simmer, skimming occasionally.
13. Once the vegetables become tender, add the miso by dissolving it in a miso strainer or a ladle with some of the soup until no lumps remain.
14. Add the soy sauce.
15. Serve the miso soup in a bowl, garnished with thinly sliced spring onion and seven spice chill powder (shichimi tougarashi) according to your preference.

fall phrasal verbs

1. It seemed like my whole life was falling apart.

2. I fell through for that stupid joke of him his.

3. I fell out with Mum once but we are making it up again.

4. The braces fell apart when I chewed on something hard.

5. I fell behind in English.

Nice work! Hope this helps — let me know if you have any other questions!

It's technically correct, but it sounds a little weird. The original is a lot more natural. Also, while using "whom" is technically correct, most native speakers don't use it (at least in North American English), so I wouldn't stress too much about knowing when to use who vs. whom. Hope this helps!

What about the sentence structure is confusing? Is it the placement of "however"?

Could you please check my text more naturally? Thank you for your help!

In a language school.(Teacher=T, Student=S)

T) How do you get to school?
S) I usually drive here, it takes about 30 minutes.
T) Why don't you take the train?
S) Because it takes longer, a little less than an hour.
T) I see.

T) Where do you live?
S) I live in the next city over.
T) What is it famous for?
S) It's famous for local Japanese sake!
I recommend it. You can buy it around here.

This is good! Most of my changes are not necessarily corrections but just make it sound more natural and conversational. Hope this helps :)