Early Rail System Despite of its revolutionary potential, the rail system was devalued at the beginning in America because numerous people were skeptical about its profitability. Therefore, the earliest railways were just considered as local endeavors, and most of the trains ran only short distances. However, after the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was constructed as the first rail line to run across the nation from the East to the West, people started to believe the advantages of rail transportation. Big-name investors began to participate in this industry, and newly built rail lines promoted rapid changed in many regions. This is a summary of an essay. I would really appreciate any recommendation or modification to this passage.

The Arts and Crafts Movement As a counteraction of the Industrial Revolution, the Arts and Crafts Movement began in Britain and the United States during the second half of the 19th century. In the industrial age, the maximization of profit was highly emphasized, and craftsmen found the influence of dehumanization in the products created with their focus on efficiency. Therefore, the founders of the movement decided to recreate earlier conditions which craftsmen dedicated their talents into their products. They started with the revival of gothic architecture, and actually the Arts and Crafts Movement has made an improvement of neo-gothic architecture a step further. This style was extended to house design, which became a new concept of an "Arts and Crafts Home." This is a summary of an essay. I would really appreciate any recommendation or modification to this passage.

Gamma-Ray Bursts After two satellites discovered gamma-ray bursts in 1967, they have become a popular research subject among scientists. At the beginning, many scientists wondered the sources of gamma-ray bursts. There were a few theories, but none of them failed to explain these explosive phenomena clearly until another observation was found in 1997. A Dutch-Italian satellite observed an afterglow of gamma-ray burst, and this afterglow served as records of short bursts for scientists to study. Recently, most astronomers believe that gamma-ray bursts occur when a colossal star collapses. Other researchers also showed interest on this gamma-ray burst because it may be able to explain periods of extinction in Earth's past and provide clues about the early universe. This is a summary of an essay. I would really appreciate any recommendation or modification to this passage.

Precocial and Altricial Young Different animal species undergo different developmental strategies, and these strategies are mainly classified into two categories: precocial and altricial. The former development signifies the idea of early maturity, whereas the latter one implies that the young greatly relies on their parents after birth. The distinction between two strategies are represented most clearly in birds, and each way has its own advantages and drawbacks. For instance, precocial birds are almost grown up within the egg so that they exit the nest soon, but the mother requires huge amounts of energy during gestation. On the contrary, altricial birds are weak and helpless upon hatching, yet their brain size become relatively larger than those of prococial birds due to postnatal growth. In reality, however, most species have partial aspects of both procedures. This is a summary of an essay. I would really appreciate any recommendation or modification to this passage.

French Literature in Medieval Times It is difficult to interpret French literature in medieval times because every document was handwritten at that time. However, by collecting existing data, researchers found a few traditional forms of literature which were popular in the Middle Age. One of them is "chantefable," and people used to sing this combination of novel and poem as a song. Another genre that was originated from medieval France is an epic poem which portrays a life of a saint. This is a summary of an essay. I would really appreciate any recommendation or modification to this passage.

Crop Diversity and a Seed Bank Since crop diversity, which is crucial for natural processes in ecosystem, is now threatened, it is necessary to have a reliable seed bank. To be specific, maximization of agricultural productivity caused a decrease of crop diversity. Consequently, a number of crop varieties became extinct in many countries. In fact, diverse genetic pool is important for not only general environmental health but also human agriculture. This is because this pool protects the agricultural varieties from major climatic disasters. In order to maintain crop diversity, Norway planned to build a seed bank in the Arctic. By freezing seeds, scientists will be able to sustain seeds viable for 100 years. This is a summary of an essay. I would really appreciate any recommendation or modification to this writing.

Approaches to Classify Organisms Taxonomy, the traditional way to classify organisms, examines organisms' physical structure. This is because animals or plants of the same species share certain similar physical forms in general. However, studies have found its counterexamples and have shown that taxonomy is fundamentally flawed. Another method is to classify organisms according to sexual reproductivr ability. Although it is practical for describing complex life forms, this approach still has limitations; it disregards organisms with asexual reproduction and is not able to explain when new species are created from mating of two differeny species. This is a summary of an essay. I would really appreciate any recommendation or modification to this writing.

The City Beautiful Movement Due to a great movement of rural citizens and the lack of comprehensive urban planning, metropolitan centers in the U.S. experienced several problems. In order to solve those, a city plan called the City Beautiful Movement was introduced in the exposition in Chicago. Numerous people were excited about its possibility, and Washington D.C. became a subsequent target for the city plan. The plan for Washington D.C. was designed by Pierre L'Enfant, but only some aspects of his plan were actually carried out. Consequently, the city faced same problems, so the urban plan was conducted again with its main focus on the mall. On the other hand, after the Great Chicago Fire, Chicago underwent the city plan for itself. The major points of the plan were to develop green spaces and efficient street systems. Although the opponents constantly indicated its disregard for the lower classes, the City Beautiful Movement's influence still remains until now. This is a summary of an essay. I would really appreciate any recommendation or modification to this writing.