I think in most cases it carries the meaning of "breaking into" some action. For example: 走り出す - break into running

Hey!

 

I'm not really looking to learn either Greek nor English (I already know "enough" English and am not really interested in learning Greek) but if you want to practice your swedish and maybe get some feedback you can send me a message! I don't really have the time or competence to act as a private tutor, but I can definitely give some support! :)

I don't think there is one definitive "most common" way. It's quite context based. Although you will probably almost always be fine with just saying "tack så mycket" or just "tack". It's quite a plain word in and of itself, so it depends a lot on how you say it too. Tone of voice, facial expression, body language and so on. If you want to sound a bit more posh or "sophisticated" you can add things like "tackar ödmjukast!" (my humblest thanks) or "tack så hemskt mycket!" (thank you so terribly much) and so on. In informal contexts, such as when among friends, it's quite normal to combine "tack" with some adjective describing what you think of the person you are thanking or how their assistance/favor helps you. Some examples: "snällt" (kind), "schyst" (kind, more colloquial), "bussigt" (kind, kind of old/outdated), "fint" (great/nice). Can be prefixed with "jätte-" to emphasize. It's kind of how you often say "great, thanks!" in English. Of course, the adjective used largely dictates the tone of the message. Other than that, there are some set thank you phrases used in special occasions: Tack för senast - Giving thanks for the last time you met, used when meeting someone for the first time after you were together at a social gathering or the likes. Tack för maten - Said upon finishing a meal. Said to whoever made the meal for you (although it isn't really used to, say, personnel in a restaurant, more so when a friend made you food. Children are taught to say this after every meal at home too. Tack för idag - Sometimes said at the end of a school- or work day. Basically just "thank you for today". Can be used in a few other cases as well. Tack på förhand - You seem to be familiar with this one already :) For curious people who are reading, means "thank you in advance". I probably forgot a whole bunch of things, but this should get you started at least, good luck! :)

It depends on the figurative (or literal) distance of the object (relative to yourself and the listener). こ - close to yourself, basically corresponding to "this" そ - further from yourself, basically corresponding to "that" あ - even further away, more along the lines of "that over there" ど - questioning, stuff like "which", "how" or "what" (depending on context/what comes after ど) As for the difference between, say, これ and この: これ can exist on it's own. You can for example say これは大変！(this is bad/trouble!) この needs to be connected to something else, eg この本はつまらないな (this book is boring eh)

The absolute first step for learning japanese would be to learn to read hiragana (and katakana). Using Latin letters for Japanese will do more harm than anything else. It obfuscates the pronunciation and you will never ever actually communicate in Japanese with Japanese people with Latin letters. After that (or in parallel), you need to get a grip on how the language looks and sounds. Learn the basics of how to build a sentence. How to talk about state of being, the simplest way to express verbs and so on. I recommend Tae Kim's guide for this (it's easy to find on Google). It's how I got started. It starts from the ground up and covers things logically and exhaustively. It also gets you started on kanji straightaway, which might not be THE most important thing if you just want to learn to have simple conversations, but if you have any ambition at all in learning the language for real, you WILL need to tackle kanji, so the sooner the better. On top of that, yeah, you need to jam in words, words and more words. Getting the basics of grammar is the essential foundation, but it won't do you any good if you don't have any building blocks afterwards. I recommend an SRS (e.g. Anki) for practicing vocab. You'll need to know at least hiragana in order to use most Anki decks (although you can and probably should use Anki to learn hiragana itself. My last tip is to immerse yourself in the language as much as you can. Listen to it all the time, even if you don't understand anything. You must get used to the sounds and start to be able to pick out words, even if you don't know what they mean. When you start out, everything will just sound like random gibberish. The only solution is to listen to Japanese a lot! Finally, good luck to you, I hope you can reach your goal :)