pretty solid = 不错 solid= 很好，完美

Hi Meggie, My alternative method: You can try to watch any american or british tv series that you like. At first you watch it with subtitle enabled. After you familiar with the dialogue you can try to watch it without subtitle. Doing this method you can practice listening skills and learn vocabularies and also grammar.

To come through something in Bahasa Indonesia

In English we use the verb 'to come ' for lots of sentences.

1) The cat CAME through the window. (actual object)

2) James has just COME through a difficult time in his life. (non physical concept)


In Bahasa Indonesia, I am wondering if there is any word that does a similar job or would we just say.

1) Kucing masuk ke jendela

2) Dia melewati masa-masa sulit or Dia masuk melalui masa-masa sulit or something else completely?

correction:

Kucing masuk ke jendela. 

It is not suitable to use "masuk" (only). "Masuk" itself means  "come in, go in, enter, get in". 
You need additional word. to be added after "masuk".

You can write:
Kucing masuk melewati/melalui jendela. or
Kucing melewati/melalui jendela.

James has just COME through a difficult time in his life.

In Bahasa Indonesia:
James baru saja melewati/melalui/mengalami masa-masa sulit di dalam hidupnya.

Conclusion:
In Bahasa Indonesia, we also have word that does a similar job as the one you described above.

We can see "have + past participle". it means those sentences are using "Present perfect tense". "Present Perfect tense" is used to talk about action which started in the past and continues up to the present. Thus, the correct answer is the 1st one. :)

kurang ajar = 没有家教 = 没有规矩 = 没有礼貌

Kalau Anda punya sedikit lebih banyak uang. This is not a good sentence and it is not complete. The example of correct sentence should be "Kalau Anda punya uang lebih, Anda harus menabung". In Mandarin is "如果你有多余的钱,你应该把钱省下来". I hope my explannational is helpful for you.