右边有个杯子？

Future Perfect

1. I will have learned to draw (for how long?) by (the) end of next year.
2. You will have known I finished school in last month.

It is incorrect to use future perfect in this sentence. You should say: You know I finished school last month.
3. I have not sat till you will apologize .

It should be: I will not sit till you apologize. It is a conditional sentence, so there is no need to use future perfect.

 

Future perfect is used when you want to express that something will be done in future (but it's not done now).

Eg. I will have been a father for 2 years by my son's next birthday.

I'm not yet a father for 2 years, but I will be when my son's next birthday comes.

"No matter" is supposed to be followed by such words as "what", "where", "who", "when", "how", etc, and makes a meaning of "whatever", "wherever", "whoever", "whenever", "however", etc. If you fill the gap with "about", it goes against the grammar rule. By the way, this sentence can also be "No matter _what_____ your age and stage of life 【is】, there are of plenty of ways to exercise.". That word is omitted.

Well, I'd like to point out that a character's tone never changes unless it means a different thing. For example when "省" means "province", it is always "sheng3". However there is an exception. When two 3rd-tone characters meet together, the previous character's tone change to the 2nd tone, which sounds more fluent, and is also easier to pronounce. (You can try to pronounce two 3rd-tone characters together, it's rather hard.) For example, the word "省长", which means the governer of a province, is pronounced like "sheng2zhang3", but is marked like "shěng zhǎng".

大胜和大败虽然看起来语意相反，但是在实际用法上，意思是一样的。也就是说“巴西队大败中国队”和“巴西队大胜中国队”表达的意思都是巴西队打赢了。“大胜”是以巴西队为主体来看的，“大败”是以中国队为主体来看的。这是中文的表达多样性的体现。