The both ways are correct. The use of articles depends more of regionalism. In Brazil, that's a big country, some peoples tends to use more articles, other peoples less. Sometimes even lwith peole who lives in close cities this difference happens. Don't worry about it ;)

Anh.. as duas formas estão corretas dependendo de que forma você esta usando..! Quando se usa artigos.. (o, os, a, as..) é por que estou especificando algo.. Ex..: 1 - Chinelos estão no chão (alguns chinelos estão no chão) 2 - Os chinelos estão no chão (alguns chinelos específicos estão no chão.. o meu, da minha mãe...) 1 - Roupas são bonitas (todas as roupas são bonitas, não importa de quem são ou como são. São bonitas) 2 - As roupas são bonitas (as roupas especificas são bonitas. Se alguém te mostra algumas roupas e depois pergunta: o que achou das roupas? você pode responder: as roupas são bonitas! a pessoa saberá que as roupas bonitas são as que ela te mostrou.) Apesar de um pouco confuso.. e de estar em português.. Espero que tenha ajudado.! Bjos

both are correct... the use of the article is very arbitrary most of the times, if not all the times. i can't really think of an example right now that i'd say "in this case you HAVE to use the article" or "in this case you CAN'T use the article"... the biggest difference between "o que" and "que" in a question would be like... for example: you say something, i couldn't hear what you said so i ask "que?" and you repeat the whole sentence. "o que" would be more like... you say something like "guess what i bought!" [adivinha o que eu comprei!] and i'll say "o que?". i could say the difference between them is that when you use only "que" you're referring to a full sentence and when you use it with the article you're referring to a noun or something specific in the sentence. i can't give you a final answer here because i really don't know a general rule for these uses... but i hope i helped at least a little :]

Both are correct. But I use "Meu pai me chamou" The "O" is used to detail more: Meu pai me chamou (OK, you'll know that my father has me called), "O meu pai me chamou" (My father has me called, not the yours). Something like this. If there are a alone singular noun, You'll always use articles. In the other cases, You can use them to detail. I hope you understand!