Stone's notebook entry: Feb 14, 2011 What's the difference in these words(include,contain,hold,involve). include表示一个整体由几个部分组成，侧重包括者只是整体的一部分。例如：The bill includes tax and service． contain指一个整体包括的内容，侧重“内有”的意思。例如：Try to avoid foods which contain a lot fat． 通常一个句子来理解：The book contains five chapters, including one written by me. including one written by me. contain是包含所有的东西。又如，the meeting contains four parts. the meeting contains four parts. inclu是包含一部分的东西。又如，the speech includes self-introduction. uction. conta更多地用于客观事物，如容器内有什么，什么东西有什么成分等等。 而include多用于虚拟范畴，表示实物以外的东西，如我们今天的任务包括…… 容易混淆的时候,我们看看英文解释: : include: have sb/sth as part of a whole contain: have or hold sth within itse involve=to cause (sb.) to be included in or troubled by sth.:包括；牵涉，多指某种局势或活动涉及了人或物。 Don't involve me in your quarrel, please. 请不要把我牵涉到你们的争吵中。 hold=to be able to contain:容纳；包含,指某物能装下一定数量的人或物。The car can hold four adults. 这个车子可以乘坐四个成年人。