4. This sentence means if we want to continue to have (in order to maintain) a powerful position that makes other people/countries think we might help with a problem or conflict we are not involved in (a credible threat of intervention), we have to continue to have (we have to maintain) a position that looks like we have a partnership and friendly relationship (a credible alliance). 5. This sentence means the leader of a country (the prime minister) was told by other people that his actions were bad (was criticized) because he reacted to money and financial issues with his personal political beliefs or what was good for his own political party (for basing his approach to economic problems on political ideology) when he should have looked at the facts and decided from that (rather than on a reasonable assessment of the situation). 6. To understate something is to not tell the whole seriousness or intensity of a problem, emotion, or event. "My brother just won the Nobel Peace Prize. I told his friend that he won a small award." Because the Nobel Peace Prize is a big deal, calling it a "small award" is an understatement. In other words, I don't fully express the intensity of the event. To emphasize something is to give a particular quality more importance in a sentence. If I say, "She was extremely happy," I am emphasizing that she was happy. In other words, I am telling you that she was not just happy, but very happy. This is giving importance to "happy" and tells you that happy is an important part of the sentence.

1. An "armed struggle" is a conflict with "arms" or weapons. "Armed" means having weapons, typically guns. A "struggle" is usually used to talk about some sort of conflict that two or more people are involved in. This phrase is typically another way to say "war" when you've already used "war" in the previous sentence. So, using those definitions, an "armed struggle" is a conflict with people who have weapons, typically guns. 2. To be "biased against" something is to think poorly of that thing or to not value it as much as other related things. A "bias" is a preference for something over something else. For example, "His bias for dark-skinned women was obvious when you looked at his dating history." Usually, you say that you are biased toward something: you value it more than something else that is related. So to be "biased against" something is to dislike or not appreciate something. So to be "biased against women" means that he doesn't value women in relation to something else. In this case, the thing being compared seems to be men, so this sentence means he doesn't value women as much as men. 3. Let's break this down step by step. "Forensic evidence" is items, material, bodily fluids and traces (like fingerprints, blood, saliva, hair, etc.) gathered by a person or team of people (usually police) where a crime was committed to help with discovering who committed that specific crime. A "suicide verdict" means that suicide has been decided as the cause of death. A "verdict" is a decision come to after thinking and looking over evidence. This word is usually used in the court system. "Suicide" is when a person kills themself. "The most compelling answer" means that this answer makes the most sense. "The mystery of his death" means that the reason for his death is unknown. So, this sentence means: Because of the items and bodily fluids found where the crime was committed, he killed himself, which is the best answer to this unexplained, mysterious death.

Here, a false dichotomy means a distinction or a choice between two things that aren't actually either/or situations. In other words, with a false dichotomy, you think that you can only have one or the other, but in reality, you can actually have both. It doesn't mean that you always will have both, but it can happen. An example of a false dichotomy might be as follows: "You can be successful or you can be happy." Here, I'm telling you that you cannot be successful and happy at the same time. You can be successful OR you can be happy. This, of course, is not true. Many people who are successful are happy, and many happy people are successful. In the paragraph you gave, the false dichotomy is between learning and play. This means that there is a false choice between learning and play–you either learn or play, and you can't have both. The paragraph is really saying that playing and learning can be the same thing, but instead, students are taught to prepare for tests instead of understand how the world around them works. When children play, they understand the rules of their society and environment better, so a child can definitely learn and play at the same time. Just like you can be successful and happy at the same time, you can learn and play at the same time too. Society makes it seem like you can only play or only learn, but you can have both at the same time. That, my friend, is a false dichotomy. Надеюсь что я помогал.)