после = after
через is used with time.
For example: I will be there in 15 minutes = Я буду там через 15 минут.
I hope everything will change in a month = Надеюсь, все изменится через месяц.
до и перед = before
I will try to explain the difference between them in examples:
вернуться до начала фильма (to return before the film starts = you can return any time before it)
вернуться перед началом фильма (to return before the film starts = you can't return any time, you need to return right before it starts, maybe 5-15 minutes before)
If you want to use "before" with hours, week days, months, years in the meaning "to do something before...", use "до"
Example: я должен навестить родителей до 5 часов/до понедельника(etc.)
I have to visit my parents before 5pm/Monday (etc.)