https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_necessities . In English we would call these something along the lines of "The seven necessities of Chinese daily life." And the reason we say Chinese is because there is no such saying in English. Though there might be some similar sayings in different English speaking places, but I don't think there is any common well known one.

Both are correct but have different usage. "How long from now" always refers to a time interval. Ex: "How long from now will you graduate from university?" You could also simply say "When will you graduate from university?" An answer might be 2 months, 1 year, etc... "How far ahead" always refers to distance. Ex: Think of a situation where you and your friends are driving two separate cars to get somewhere. "My friend started driving an hour ago! How far ahead do you think he is?" And the answer would be some distance, ex: 50 miles. The antonym for how far ahead is "how far behind".

Both are used equally often.

"What do you like the most about me?" is correct.

Well the first one is missing some articles, but both are otherwise correct. The difference is they have a slightly different meaning. In the first case there is an implied you (that you are telling another person to do this): (The) first thing I say is (you) make sure to choose (a) local company. OR (The) first thing I say is make sure (that you) choose (a) local company. In the second case you are using We as the explicit subject.

For each language learned, there is a job opportunity.

Good :) it has a poetic feel to it.

Good :)