"the" is used here because we are talking about specific instances of the nouns being referenced.

Which type? "the type of person"

Which extra mile? The next one after a good rest.

"a" is used here because it's not reference any specific "rest", just the concept of a rest, in general.

Perhaps you are the type of person that can go the extra mile after a good rest.

It is actually missing a word, as I have added it above.

Of is required here because the phrase being used is "type of" Type of what? Car? Book? in this case, type of person.  It does not make sense to just say "... the type person...."  I believe "of" is used as a preposition in this case.

I haven't figuted out how to edit my post. I mispelled the word 'understand' in case anyone was confused, sorry about that.

Just suggestng a few minor changes:

The summary for my article

Recently, opportunistic microflora is being has been found to be increasingly involved in the development of pathological processes of various systems and organs. It promotes the interest on of their detailed study as causative agents of bacterial infections.
The aim of research has been to study the microbial species residing in carious cavity in acute profound caries.

Materials and methods.

The study involved 14 people with a diagnosis of acute profound caries. Microbiological methods included determining species of microorganisms’ cultures from carious cavities in acute profound caries. Cultivation was carried out in thioglycolic medium manufactured by the Mechnikov Ilya Institute of Vaccines and Serums. Final identification was carried out by automatic bacteriological analyzer Vitec - 2compact bioMérieux (France).

As resultat the result was been isolated Streptococcus sunguinis, parasanguinis, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sorbinus, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis, Kocuria kristinae, Kocuria rosae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides,Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus warneri and etc.

Among the bacteria isolated, Kocuria rosae, Kocuria kristinae, Leuconostoc mesenteroides are in the focus of authors’ attention by their identification rate in the patients. These microbial species are little studied due to the lack of data on their studying in cariogenic associations.

The meticulous studying of the microorganisms, isolated from carious cavities in patients with acute profound caries by automatic bacteriological analyzer Vitec - 2 Systems bioMérieux (France) and findings on their biochemical properties allow us to conclude that Kocuria rosae, Kocuria kristinae, Leuconostoc mesenteroides are among microorganisms making up of microflora of carious cavities under acute profound caries and are involved in the development of caries process.

I would reword it slightly, to something like this:

Elwood College of Technology will host a conference titled "Space: The Future" in Melbourne, Austrailia from the 10th-12th of January, 2020. From the 10 to 12 of January 2020 will hold a conference “Space: the future” at Elwood College of Technology, Melbourne, Australia. The conference will devote to the discuss beam-up technology, moon settlements and how to contact aliens. Special guest speakers are will be science-fiction writer John T. Price and leading scientist Professor Paul Rhodes.  

Note: American English generally places the dates after the month, "January 10th-12th, 2020" rather than what I've shown above which is more aligned with British English. I'm not sure which you prefer.

The last sentence can also be written as:

Science fiction writer John T Price, and leading scientist Professor Paul Rhodes will be the special guest speakers.