The words are all interchangeable to some degree but an award refers to anything you receive for good work, whereas a prize normally refers to an award with monetary value as opposed to something like a certificate. A trophy specifically refers to an award in the form of a small statue, and spoils usually refers to goods plundered from war however both of these words are occasionally used more metaphorically than that.

They mean "batting averages". In cricket someone's batting average is the number of hits per bat if I remember correctly.

A heat in the context of a race is a group of people racing at the same time. Larger races are often broken up into heats when the track isn't big enough for everyone to run at the same time. "The whole shebang" is a phrase which just means "The whole thing", so "Not just the first heat but the whole shebang" means they aren't just talking about the first heat, but all of the heats put together.

I have only seen "whatever" used in a question when it's used in the sentence "Whatever do you mean?", which means the same as "What do you mean?" but with the implication that you are insulted or baffled by whatever was just said. I haven't seen it used the way you have used it.

Resilience is literally the ability to return to its original state after being deformed, when you describe a person as "resilient" you are saying they recover quickly. Tenacity is literally the ability to hold on to things with your hands, when you describe someone as tenacious you are saying that they are able to endure. Openness refers how freely someone gives and accepts information. An open person is more likely to consider new ideas, share their emotions, things like that. The question is poorly phrased, but "figure in" means to include or incorporate, so I think it is asking "How are these traits incorporated into your life?"

The right way to ask the question is "What does "man overboard" mean" by the way. It is a phrase people yell when someone falls off of a boat. People also use it jokingly when someone falls off something other than a boat.

You use "for you" when they are the reason you are doing something. If I "Do it for you" I do it because of you. If "I got something for you" it means that you are the reason I got something. You use "to you" when they are the target of something. If I do something and you are the target I have done it to you. You example "I'm giving this gift to you" means that you are the target of my giving.

Both are correct, however I think you mean "studying" rather than "training". Training is usually used for physical things.