It is almost certainly an acronym related to fitness or nutrition. Casual writers will sometimes not capitalize the letters of an acronym. My best guess (after doing some Google searches) is that he means men who do "super-set workouts" or something like the "Spartacus workout," either of which could be abbreviated as SW and fit the context of his statement. The implication the author is making is that Adam Raw doesn't risk injuring himself because he routinely does super-sets as part of his regular workout regimen, so perhaps his body can tolerate the strain [1]. Super-sets are a practice of transitioning to different weight-training exercises without rest between the individual sets. [1] This is an opinion, and you should not take it as appropriate weight-training advice for yourself. The conventional wisdom is to always consult your own personal physician/doctor about your planned exercise program, and it's suitability for your health and fitness.

The word "penalty" is a noun meaning "a punishment imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract." The word "tax" is a noun meaning "a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government." The government wants all Americans to have health insurance coverage. In this case, it incentivizes Americans to have health coverage by imposing a penalty on their tax returns if they are not covered by a health insurance plan. An American can avoid this penalty by complying with the law, and obtaining coverage. (The law also requires health insurance companies to offer everybody coverage at an "affordable" price, regardless of pre-existing medical conditions for which people used to be denied coverage at any price.) Since the penalty is of a financial nature, it increases the taxpayer's effective tax liability that they owe to the government (or reduces their refund). The government has the right in the Constitution to levy taxes, but it's rights to impose penalties on citizens are more limited by the checks-and-balances of the three branches of government (in this case, judicial review by the Supreme Court of a law enacted by Congress and signed by the President). Advocates wanting to repeal (revoke, cancel) this universal health coverage law (and its associated incentive/penalty) wanted to make the point at the Supreme Court that it imposes a "penalty." The government's argument defending the law was that the penalty is really a tax, which is something the government is allowed to do. The Supreme Court agreed 5-4 that it is more a "tax" than a "penalty," so the law stands.

"The other café" is a fine way to refer to a single café that is different from a café you were speaking about earlier. "Other" contrasts this one, specific café from an earlier café. "Other cafés" is what you would use if you had previously spoken about a café, and now you want to speak about numerous cafés which are different from that first café. "Another café" is again speaking about a singular café, and contrasts it with an earlier café you were speaking about. When you use "another," you are free to contrast more cafes later on. It is like a chain. I like the McDonalds café, but another café by the French Villa is also nice to sit outside on a summer afternoon, then there is another café which I find expensive by the church on the corner, etc. "The another café" is incorrect, and would never be used. It combines "The" which is the definite article, with the indefinite article implied by "an-other" so it is like saying 'The an <something>" which is always going to be wrong.

It's an expression: it is kind of a challenge to you to supply him with a price quote or something so that your organization is in contention for their purchase order. It goes back to old sporting events, where people interested in taking up a challenge or betting on the outcome might throw their hats into a "ring" (a boxing ring, something like a corral or fenced-in area). For example, in the US presidential primary elections, we have presidential candidates who "throw their hats into the ring" by announcing their candidacy. A costly, protracted election campaign is usually what follows.

I would agree it is a poorly-crafted English sentence. You can try breaking it down into phrases that you can understand. Once you do that, I think you will find there is only one meaning that makes sense. "These studios ..." we're talking about several studios mentioned earlier, perhaps movie or music studios. "... have also shown that ..." the studios are demonstrating something (also implies they are doing this again, for another time) "... all it takes for someone to stand her ground ..." somebody that we are talking about (a woman) has "stood her ground" meaning she is not surrendering to the pressure from others. This is related to the idiomatic expression: "She is making a stand." "... on what she knows is right ..." this woman has some fundamental beliefs (moral or ethical), some convictions she will not sacrifice. "... is for one other peer to join her." The reason being given for why this woman was able to withstand the pressures upon her against what her own moral/ethical beliefs of what is "right" were is that "one other peer" (that is, somebody else besides her) has joined her, agrees with her, stands by her side.

There are many excellent reasons to learn any language. I think most people learn another language because they need or want to communicate with friends, family members or business partners from that country. It is also important if the learner wishes to study and better understand the culture (arts, music, cuisine, etc.) of that country. In the case of US-Japan there are certainly close business ties, tourism, and there are perhaps many Americans interested in Japanese culture (martial arts like karate, judo, aikido; anime and manga; sushi; etc.) that might motivate a passion for learning the language. I am taking your question to be about native "American English" speakers learning Japanese--as opposed to "native Americans" learning Japanese. A "native American" is someone whose ancestors were indigenous to and lived in America prior to its discovery and colonization by Europeans in the 15th-19th centuries. This is a much smaller population that native "American English" speakers.