No, they are not the same. "I proudly own that hat." - I own the hat right now. "I become the proud owner of that hat." - Incomplete thought; needs more information: "I become the proud owner of that hat as soon as I finish school."

In the US, it is most commonly written "Tiananmen" without any marks. It is most accurately written"Tiān’ānmén".

Yes, you generally repeat pronouns in English. As I recall, in some romance languages you can drop the pronoun because the verb ending tells you who the subject is. You can leave it out if you are listing things: "Every morning I wake up, I drink my coffee, and I read the Internet." "Every morning I wake up, drink my coffee, and read the Internet." These have the same meaning and are equally acceptable.

It mean "I'll give it back to you tomorrow." It means you will have it in your hands tomorrow. If I send it to you tomorrow, you may not get it back tomorrow, you might get it later in the week. So that would not be the correct translation.

You could use "presented to [friend's name] by [me]." It sounds impersonal, without feeling. If you want something more personal, here are some options. It depends on the occasion, and how much space you have on the souvenir. - With my deepest gratitude for all you've done, [your name] - Thank you for everything, [your name] You could search for greeting cards on the internet and that will provide you with many options.

They are about the same. "Choose" is the more commonly used word and sounds more natural. There are some differences. "I choose to drink water instead of coffee." "Choose" infers that you make this choice on a regular basis. "Select" could be more formal, or be considered a word used more with technology. It suggests being presented with a few choices. "Please select the song you would like to hear next."

The sentence is missing some punctuation, which makes it more challenging to read. "of his day" - those who lived around the same time as him, in 1792. "observed" - sometimes it means "looked at", but in this case it means "studied the situation and made a conclusion".

No one was fired. They were transferred to jobs at other locations for the same company. Without more information, I don't know what having "jobs timed" means. It's not a common term. If the paragraph refers to factory work, it would likely mean that the managers measured the amount of time it took to do a job - such as assemble a part. After collecting the data from several workers, they could calculate an average time to assemble that part. Following that, they could calculate how many workers would be needed to assembled a certain number of parts per day.