It is an archaic form of the objective case of the singular second person pronoun. Contemporary English uses 'you' for both singular and plural, older English made a distinction between singular and plural. In the singular 'thou' was used if the subject of the sentence, 'thee' if the object. You don't need to use it

You would only say 'in here' if you were inside. So, if somebody had left the windows open or the air conditioning was creating a strong breeze you might say "It's windy in here". However if you were outside, as you would normally be when commenting like this you would say "It's windy here"

An 'act' is a piece of legislation, passed by a legislature that is now the law. Before it is passed it is known as a 'bill'. In the author's opinion, this particular law, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, is a bad law that causes many problems that was 'rushed' - passed by Congress without sufficient discussion and scrutiny.'Three years ago' simply means that the Act was passed by congress three years before the time of writing.The aftermath of the WorldCom collapse means that this act was passed in response to, and shortly after the WorldCom collapse, probably the bankruptcy of a business call WorldCom. Putting this all together, the author is saying that the Sabine-Oxley Act is an ill-thought out law that was not sufficiently discussed, passed by Congress three years ago in a hurry as a somewhat panicked response to the WorldCom collapse that had only recently happened at the time it was passed. This lengthy prison sentence, that the author believes was excessive is an indication that the law should be changed.

If I understand your question correctly, you are asking about why 'should have' is in a different position in the two sentences and what difference that makes to the meaning. The second sentence can be used in two different circumstances, the first is that the results of the exam are not yet known, but you expect that when the results are known, he will have passed, the second is that the results are known and he has failed and you think that he should have passed. The first sentence would be used if the results are known, he has passed, but you did not expect him to pass. To summarize, sentence one he has passed and you did not expect him to, sentence two your expectation was that he would pass the exam but either he failed, or the result is not yet known. Having said that, the first sentence, while understandable, is a bit awkward, and it would be better to use either the simple past or the perfect tense - 'it is surprising that he passed the exam' or 'it is surprising he passed the exam'.

No, this is not the way we add ask this. We would ask if the other person could lend us some money, or if we could borrow some. 'Could you lend me some cash for a while?' Or 'Could I borrow some cash for a while'. Don't forget to say please, it can go into either sentence at various points.

'It's about time" expresses impatience that something is overdue or late. It can be used on hearing that something has happened that the speaker believes should have happened earlier. It can also be used about something that has not yet happened, but the speaker believes should have already occured. For example I could tell my boss that I have just completed the report that she has been wanting for some time, she could reply "It's about time!" Or, if I have not yet completed the report, she might say "It's about time you did that report!" 'Damn' is an intensifier, and is often seen as mild swearing. It intensifies the expression of impatience

'You want to...' is sometimes used as a polite or friendly way of giving advice, it is also used frequently in the negative 'you don't want to'. It is particularly used when giving advice without being asked for advice and in situations where 'you should ' might feel bossy or interfering. An example is I have cooked a meal for my friend and say "You might not want to add any salt, because I used quite a lot while cooking it."

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