Silly English rule alert: "Earth" is capitalized as a proper noun, usually indicated by omitting the direct article. "The first three planets are Mercury, Venus and Earth," or, "The aliens first encountered Earth in their flying saucer." It is not capitalized in most other forms, usually indicated by using the direct article. This also includes when using the word "earth" to mean "land" or "soil." "The earth revolves around the sun in just over 365 days," or in your case, "Pollution taints the air, the water and the earth."

Casual, American English: 1. Go sit down at the table for lunch. 2. Eat your spaghetti. 3. I don't want you to bite anybody! 4. Why did you break up your train. Why did you break it apart? 5. The trailer was ripped off the truck. The truck was destroyed. The truck was torn apart. (I don't know if it's wrong, but I wouldn't use the present perfect tense here if I'm talking to someone about the video) 6. He's/She's parking the car. (Until self-driving cars are the norm, we will still indicate the person who is parking the car) 7. We've run out of chips! We don't have anymore chips! 8. Do you want me to put on Peppa Pig? (I'm not sure it's universally used in other English-speaking countries, but where I'm from we use the phrasal verb "to put on" when referring to television. "Dude, it's 1 o'clock, put on the game!"

The second one. In general, "there is" is followed by an article when talking about something tangible or specific. Just like in your example, this is the most common scenario. You can omit the article if you aren't referencing a specific item. "There is something different about her," or "There is no way that I could have predicted the outcome."

Est-ce qu'on ne peut pas dire « d'accord » dans cette phrase ?

I'm not a teacher, but even native English speakers don't like these examples. Past perfect is generally used AFTER the conjunction "because," since whatever you write after the word "because" happens first. Confusing enough? For example, "I WENT to the store because I HAD EATEN all of my food." Although I mentioned it second, I "had eaten all of my food" first. The cause must happen before the effect, therefore the effect shouldn't be past perfect. You could change your sentence to say "I had got up early before I went to the station," but that would change the meaning. For what it's worth, in spoken English you can use the past perfect in your example and sound perfectly normal. (Note: Americans will more often say "had gotten," since we tend to use "gotten" as the past participle of "to get")

Face à Bayern, le Dortmund a perdu le championnat en 2013.  Mais l'équipe ne s'est pas qualifié de la ligue des champions cette année.  Peut-être l'année prochaine ? Je ne connais pas bien les équipes allemandes.

Personne ne veut parler du foot, hein ?