"Pass it along" means give it to me. You might also whisper some gossip to a friend and say "pass it along" meaning she should tell others. "Put yourself in my shoes" means consider (or understand) my situation/position/concerns (all meaning "what this means to me". In this sentence, I think we have no way of knowing what the writer means by, "put yourself in my shoes".

"People who are to be happy fix their attention on the convenience of thing." is a confusing sentence. "Are to be happy" is not good English usage. I can't think of any reason to use it. "The convenience of thing" is meaningless. A correct sentence might read, "People who are trying (or determined, etc.)to be happy fix their attention on ... (some goal or method)."

No, not "bigger to". "This vase is bigger than that vase" is correct.

"To spell something out" means to make the meaning very clear. My guess is that the writer was making a joke, a "play on words", saying that spelling is important even when the meaning of the word isn't clear. If not, the meaning is a mystery to me.

"To get a pink slip" means to lose your job. This is because the notice is sometimes a pink piece of paper in your pay envelope. "To get your walking papers" means the same although I've heard it used as official notice of divorce or legal separation from a spouse. I haven't heard "the bird" used in this way although you can "flip him the bird" which, means to make a rude gesture with your middle finger, I believe. The copulative explicative!

"I am snow blind" is a better sentence because it uses present tense to describe something that is happening in the present. The second sentence is not incorrect. Technically, that's true because you were snow blinded in the past (perhaps only five minutes ago) and still are snow blinded in the present. However, the statement is confusing because it is describing the present using a past tense. I wouldn't do that!. The third and fourth sentences are both correct although they have slightly different meanings.

Both are strange things to say but the first is correct English and the second is not. I can imagine someone saying, "I have taken two baths today" but to tell someone you have taken two baths, without reference to time, sounds like you have only taken two baths in your life time. This might not be understood correctly unless you don't own a bath tub.

The first sentence is correct, informal English. The second is also correct but the form is not often used so it may not be understood. In formal English you might say: To whom do the dolls belong? Or, more specifically, To whom do these dolls belong? I would use the first sentence. It's a good one. You don't have to be holding the dolls. You could be pointing at them or have some other way of indicating that these are the dolls you mean. If they are the only dolls in the room you don't have to indicate anything.