there are many uses for these words and this would take learning them. You have to ask a teacher to give you a lesson or two

the pronoun everything is used in the singular, the adjective all is used either with plural nouns or with noncountables. All as a pronoun can be either plural or singular. Examples: everything is here. All things are here. All is here. I have three cars - all (of them) are broken.

figurative, this means she objects a little

The best answer is "Tom is tall, so is Henry"

I do not understand you. Say this in Russian, please.

Грамматически правильно, но тот ли это смысл, можно определить только по ситуации

Grammatically correct, but whether or not its meaning is appropriate for that particular text is not clear until you show the text

Only the 3rd variant is correct because you must know the meaning of the article "a", which means "one (countable thing) out of many". You never take "some time off your work" – it is always an exact number of days off, a week off, a month off. You can not take "time off" because time is infinite. You can only take a time off, which is "a day off", "a week off", etc. Remember that "time" is the notion of infinite existence, while "a time" is just a limited interval of "time". You can also say "to go traveling" which is the adverb of purpose. In your versions "take and go" is a parallel construction. Both are OK. But the meaning is different.