A former way: 请向我提问，我的回答中必须包含“当”这个词。 your translation will totally work, however should change 那个词 to 这个词。The word is going to be mentioned / talked. Quite close to the talker.

的话=if you are talking about .... 如果没有时间的话=if you are talking about "If you don't have time" you can say 如果没有时间. However adding 的话 will soften your tone, and sounds nicer to your counter party. Also we often use this pattern ×××××+的话，here 话=××××××， it is just a language habit that emphasize ×××××（the topic). A：你喜欢看什么电影？ B：电影的话，我喜欢文艺片。

过 guo4 1. verb. means pass. ie: a.时间过得很快。 Time passes fast. b.过生日。 Celebrate birthday. 2. particle for a main verb in a word. ie: a.走过 pass over， b.穿过cross over， c.经过 experience/ pass a building on your way. 3. Completion Tense. Means the action has been completed. ie: a. 我去过泰国。I have been to Thailand. b. 我看过这部电影。 I have seen this moive. 4. Noun. Most of the time, 过 will combine with other character to become a word. a. 过失 mistake b. 过分 overly，beyond measure c. 过剩， too much/many You may feel most of the time, this character will connect with some thing beyond the limit or has been done （beyond the time/experience) If you are interested, I have a 200 hanzi program that explains all about Hanzi,meaning, way of using, conversation,and some history behind it. you can also pick up the hanzi, I will tailor make lesson for you including all above points. Also can combine with business related meeting/speech/ppt in Chinese. Thanks.

衣扣=衣服纽扣=button of clothes 得搞懂， 弄清楚问题在什么得方，修。I guess this is a bad translation from some web or software. Most lke it should be 得搞懂， 弄清楚问题在什么地方。 The meaning is "we have to understand / be clear that where is the problem" 得=have to 搞懂=understand 弄清楚=be clear 问题=problem 在什么地方=where

没天理= really not fair

落伍和过时基本是一个意思，都是out of date。但是在使用的时候有一些区别。 落伍：The original meaning of 落伍 is the person can't catch his toope. 落伍的主语一般是人。Which means his behavior and thought is out of date. 你可以说：我的父母有点儿落伍。但是不能说手机落伍。 过时：The direct translate of OUT OF DATE.主语一般是物。手机过时了。是恰当的。 表示：stands for 人，事，物基本都可以做主语。 表达： express 主语经常是人或是动物，有语言和情感。 你可以说“表示同情”