First notebook entry: Introducing myself

I am learning English, because I want to study work in Australia.
My native language is Korean, and I grew up in Korea.
I enjoy reading books and playing the piano.

 

잘했어요! 미나씨 많이 공부하기 필요로 할 거예요, 하지만 저희 돕는 것 여기에 있어요.

1. Yes, they basically mean the same thing. 2. You can think of it that way, but it is not very natural for English speakers to do so. (more on this below) 3. 'A while' can refer to many different lengths of time, so if 5 seconds is considered a long time, then yes you say that it took a while. On this subject though, it is not very common to say it "it took me 4 seconds to do this" or "he realized it after 2 seconds". Most of the time we'll just say "it took a few seconds" or "he realized it after a couple of seconds". It depends on the situation, but most of the time the specific number does not matter in English, and people will think you are strange if you are too specific. If it is a situation when the time is actually important, like "He ran the race in 12 seconds" or "This experiment lasted 7 seconds" then it is necessary to be specific.

'Salt Pork' can refer to a few different cuts of preserved pork, but it is always uncured/unsmoked. So, salt is the only preservative, and as such it is quite salty. There are different ways of cooking it, but the first step is typically boiling it or soaking it to make it less salty. 'To soak', means 'to make saturated with water,' and in your sentence, 'soaking for dinner' just means it is currently immersed in water because it is going to be cooked for dinner. The two phrases are mostly interchangeable. If you were to use "the soaking salt pork" then you should leave off the 'for dinner' at the end because it sounds a little weird to have it far away from the verb it is modifying (soaking).

There are many, many ways to express this, and it really doesn't matter which one you choose. But depending on the situations you might hear some of these different phrases more often. In the simplest case, "Let's party!" or "Let's get this party started!" are fairly common to use. If it is a frat party, one bro might say to another, "Let's get smashed/trashed/wasted!" On the other hand, if it is a group of young women, they might just say "Wooooo! Paartaaay!" Hopefully this answers your question somewhat. If it is still unclear let me know.

Corrections are in Red

Suggestions are in Green

 

Bound Noun, Josa for Nominative, Objective Case in a Complex Sentence

The josa attaches to a che-eon(pronoun, noun, susa), and thereby signifies the relation between the that word and the other words.
1.'제가 부인이 부인의 잃어버린 아이를 찾는 걸 도와 드리겠습니다.
2.'I'll help you find your lost child, ma'am.
In the Korean sentence, there are two of the same nouns(부인) performing as a subject and a che-eon modifying word.  The differences between them are having different josas(이, 의) each in comparison with the and the fact that the personal pronoun 'I' is the subject and 'you' is the object of the verb 'help', and 'your lost child' is the object of the verb 'find' in English sentence 2, without having any josa. In this case we can omit either '부인이' or '부인의', and since we have the conjugated form of '찾다' in this sentence it's understandable even if '잃어버린 in '잃어버린 아이' is left out. In addition, you can omit also '의' at times Additionally, you can sometimes omit '의'.  
Let's focus on constituents in the Korean sentence.
Firstly, we can analyze the sentence into 제가(the subject) 부인이 부인의 잃어버린 아이를 찾는 걸(the object) and 도와 드리겠습니다.(the verb phrase).
제가 is the form into which josa '가' and pronoun '저' are combined. '가' signifies '저(제)' is subject of this sentence by attaching to '저'.
The nominative case is the form which shows its relationship to other groups in a sentence is the subject. '이','가', and '께서', '에서' is are josa for the nominative case.
The example sentence is a complex sentence into which '부인이 부인의 잃어버린아이를 찾다'(Ma'am finds her lost child) and '제가 도와드리겠습니다.'(I'll help you.) are combined. 부인이 (부인의) (잃어버린) 아이를 찾는 것, the noun clause of 부인이 부인의 잃어버린 아이를 찾다, is the object of '도와 드리다'(도와드리겠습니다.) 걸 is a contraction of 것을. 것 is a bounding noun(의존명사). The contraction of josa and che-eon is stated in clause33, chapter4 of 한글맞춤법.
을, 를 are Josa for the objective case.
We call a part of clause that is not the subject, the predicate.  A noun clause in Korean is formed if a predicate in a clause or a sentence takes '-음,-ㅁ', '-기', or the bound noun '것'. For reference, a bound noun(의존명사) in Korean doesn't refer to specific words, but refers to abstract things or possessions.  Thus , in prescriptive morphology, it is regarded as a free morpheme and or full morpheme(otherwise known as lexical morpheme). '-는' as in '찾는' is 관형사형어미, which is the ending enabling the conjugated word modifying noun '것', which belongs to 체언. The josa '를' makes '(잃어버린) 아이(lost child)' perform as the object of '찾다' whose form in this sentence is '찾는' in the noun clause.

 

As a person studying Korean, I sometimes find using all the various particles to be overwhelming.  But as you say, it can be possible to still understand the meaning even if particles are omitted.