THE SUN AS GOODNESS AND THE IMPOSSIBILITY OF EVIL The sun allows all visible things to flourish without becoming part of it. What does this statement mean? According to Plato the real nature of the existence is Eidos, viz. Idea while the material world is the latest and poorest expression of being. The universe is plenty of ideas, each of one is unique, eternal, unalterable and complete. All of them are made of spirit. As a result we can't accept the possibility of evil. The concept of evil means not only a bad and violent behaviour aiming to destroy life in general but also corruption, decay and finally death. This general understanding of evil contradicts the platonic universe and therefore Platon rejects evil as an idea within the world of ideas. First, ideas are eternal. Assuming that evil exists means also that ideas could decay. Secondly the meaning of evil could imply that ideas participate in nature which is inconsistent with his theory of archetypes. According to Plato although nature can participate in the world of ideas, these are completely independent of nature because in the end all living beings and physical things are just a copy, a reflexion of the reality made of ideas. To me, reality is decided in degrees and the physical world as humans know, would be the lowest level of reality. Does evil exist at all? According to Plato, evil has no reality. What we understand as evil, ist just lack of good, the poorest and lowest level of reality. Such a thing would be evil. Therefore the idea of good is key to understand the link between knowledge and moral, but especially, to understand why human beings behave badly. Nowadays this relationship seems disconnected. Knowledge ist related to objects, numbers and Physics while the idea of good is part of moral and social studies. To Platon is the contemplation of ideas, especially the idea of good fundamental not only to know well but also to behave properly. Without this idea of good humans beings can be manipulated, misleaded and prompted to do wrong.

Silencing Genes to Fight Cancer (Part I) A relatively new experimental possibility of gene shutdown has been stablished and recently developed in bioscience to cure diseases. For this discovery two scientists, Andrew Z. Fire and Craig C. Melo received the Nobel Prize for physiology and medicine in 2006. The RNA interference or RNA-silencing is a natural defence mechanism in a wide range of living beings like mushrooms, plants and animals. These organisms are provided with nucleus cells, which content the genetic material. The RNAi is based on an interaction of short pieces of RNA with the genotype involving the activity of several enzymes. As a result the RNA will split in some fragments and consequently the transferred information will be destroyed or rather the transmision in a protein will be blocked reducing a determined gen expression. This mechanism also plays an important role in plants when they intercept extrinsic RNA virus as a result of an infection. At the same time numeorus virus try to inhibit a host defence response turning off the defence mechanism in order to not be identified.

The Last Guards of La Estrella Sinforosa Sancho and Juan Martín Colomer are an octogenarian married couple, who are the only inhabitants for more than 30 years in a small village called La Estrella.This small town is located in the eastern highlands of Teruel, in the northeastern region of Aragon where once live more than 200 people. The village lies embedded in a deep valley. Pollen flies over pine trees which have been spread gradually over the old cultivated land. "We have always lived like that. When it's cold, we set a fire and sleep under blankets. We have chickens, rabbits, land and you learn to live on it." She said. On the picture they both get the food ready, set a fire in the chimney and roast it. The village is in the middle of decline population. There are less than 8 inhabitants per square kilometer. Those who remain, are growing older / ageing. A drastic example from a society where the deaths in Spain exceed the number of births. "They all have left. Those who decided to stay, are idiots." She said, walking through the empty houses of a ghost town. If you're interested in learning more about, you can take a closer look at the article below: Susana Vera: Los últimos centinelas de la Estrella, El País, 25 Julio 2018

I. Kant: Cognitive Capacity As a World Structure The empiricism came to the conclusion that the belief that sensory data present the world "as it is" is a tenuous supposition at best. This can be illustrated through the following questions: 1) When I see a brown colour, touch a smooth surface and hear a muffled noise and knock on it with my fingers, these perceptions don't necessarily evoke the concept of a "table". If sense data are the only information coming from the outside world, how does the idea of "things" come into being in our consciousness? 2) Even if we agree with the idea that perceiving things is possible, such perceptions are always subjective. In other words, my perception of so-called "reality" is constrained both by senses and by ability to process information. Supposing I'm blind or deaf, so I can sense some particular aspects of "reality" while ignoring others. Because of that I can sense the world in a different way. So what might lead to us to a conviction that we all see the same table? 3) Can we believe we are living together in the same world or are there as many worlds as people?

I. Kant: Cognitive Capacity as World Structure We live in a world where there are many objects like animals, plants, stones, human beings, with which we have to handle. Everyday we see them, touch them, we feel confident of their existence. For all of us they are an unquestionable fact. However as soon as we try to explain precisely how we obtain this knowledge, we get embarrassed. Then we usually argue that it comes from processing information which our senses receive. That seems the most likely plausible standpoint. Our organism obtains information from outside and build from it the world as we daily perceive. Nevertheless that answer was already given by British empiricists who ran into a dilemma: they presumed that the sense data coming from the outside were the only authentic information about the world. Unfortunally that was a presupposition: the belief that the sense data present the world as it is.

Der Ursprung der Götter Seit frühester Zeit sind Menschen von Göttern umgeben. Unabhängig davon, ob man ihre Existenz nachweisen kann, haben noch heute Völker und Kulturen aus den verschiedensten Teilen der Welt große Sehnsucht nach Göttern. Der Wunsch, den Tod zu überwinden, der Bedarf nach Orientierung und Gerechtigkeit genauso wie das Bedürfnis nach Zusammenhalt und nach einem Fundament für einen Verhaltenskodex, sind einige der Beweggründe für ihre Einführung und Verehrung. Aber woher stammen die Götter? Wo liegt ihr Ursprung? Laut Karl Marx befindet sich ihr Ursprung in den Menschen selbst. Denn diese haben den Übermenschen erschaffen. "Der Mensch, der in der phantastischen Wirklichkeit des Himmels einen Übermenschen suchte, hat nur den Widerschein seiner selbst gefunden, wo er seine wahre Wirklichkeit sucht und suchen muss" (Marx / Engels Werke Bd. 1, 378 ff.) Vom philosophischen und psychologischen Standpunkt aus betrachtet, entstehen Götter durch einen Akt der Personifikation. Dieser beschreibt den geistigen Prozess, durch den Menschen ihre Merkmale auf Pflanzen, Tiere, leblose Materie oder abstrakte Vorstellungen übertragen. Die Personifikation ist daher eine Vermenschlichung der Natur, wodurch ihr Wesen mit menschlichen Eigenschaften ausgestattet wird. So findet man diese imaginäre Figur z. B. in der Literaturgattung der Fabel, im Mythos oder in der Bibel.

Alzheimer's: The Silent Plague In most studies about Alzheimer's scientists have noticed that protein deposits can be found between neurons interfering the synapse's process. Basically the debate about this neurodegenerative disease has been focused on two proteins: Tau and Amyloid proteins. As a part of cell skeleton tauproteins are responsible for the stability within nerve cells. But in patients with Alzheimer's this protein is defective, producing uncontrolled fiber bundles which interfere the exchange of communication between axons. It seems that these missfolded neurofibrillary tangles take the nerve cell's stability and block a healthy activity in synapse. Experts don't know exactly about the factors which may lead to tauprotein's mutations. Therefore they try to develop medicines which can act as an inhibitor, intercepting the grow of defective tauproteins. Despite intensive scientific research the exact mechanism and function of tauprotein continues to be hardly understood.