Forms of the Hindi verb
Can someone explain the difference between past simple (e.g. "main bola") and present perfect (e.g. "main bola hoon")? Do these tenses basically correspond to the English ones (like "I said" vs "I have said")? What are the major restrictions?

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Yes. You are absolutely right. I dont understand what you mean by restrictions,but I can give some more examples of tenses. Main bol raha hoon=I am saying.
                                     Main bol raha tha=I was saying.
Hope this helps:)

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Thanks, Tushar. By restrictions I meant to say something that restricts or limits the use of a particular tense, e.g. present perfect can be used only in such and such cases but now in other. The problem is that similarities between Hindi and English tenses might be of a general nature; yet there might be certain differences. Can you provide some more examples of the use of past simple vs present perfect in Hindi? E.g. when using adverbs of time: yesterday, two weeks ago, long ago, earlier etc.

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yes, you got it right. It basically corresponds to English Ones. what did u mean by restrictions?

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