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Tercümeler, devamı Bahsettiğim gibi, afrika köle ticareti emsalsiz bir felaket idi, fakat ticari ekonomiler zaten binlerce yıllardır köleleri insan ekonomilerden çekip çıkarardı. Medeniyet gibi eski bir itiyattır. Sormak istediğim soru bu: Medeniyet, kölelikten hangi dereceye ibaret? -- The African slave trade was, as I mentioned, an unprecedented catastrophe, but commercial economies had already been extracting slaves from human economies for thousands of years. It is a practice as old as civilization. The question I want to ask is: To what degree is it actually constitutive of civilization itself?

Corrections · 11

1

Sormak istediğim soru şu


'şu' tells that something is going to be listed or mentioned or told above.

1

Geniş zaman eki -r.

(-r the simple present's ending)


1) Fiil ünlüyle bitiyorsa yalnızca -r eklenir.

(If any verb ends in a vowel, -r is added only.)


2) Fiil tek heceliyse ve sert ünsüzle (f,h,s,ş,p,ç,t,k) bitiyorsa -er/-ar eklenir

(If the verb is monosyllabic and ends in a hard consonant (f,h,s,ş,p,ç,t,k), -er/-ar is added)


3) Fiil tek heceliyse ve (m,n,ğ,v,y,z) ile bitiyorsa -er/-ar eklenir.

(If the verb is monosyllabic and ends in (m,n,ğ,v,y,z), -er/-ar is added.)


4) Öteki tek heceli fiillerin hangisine -er/-ar hangisine -ır/-ir/-ur/-ür belirsiz; fakat sorun yok çünkü bu fiiller 15 ya da 20 tane. Zorluk bakımından, İngilizcedeki sabit fiileri ve Türkçedeki bu fiilleri tek tek ezberlemek hemen hemen aynı.

(It's unclear which one of the other monosyllabic verbs will take -er/-ar and which one will take -ır/-ir/-ur/-ür; but no problem because these verbs are 15 or 20. In point of difficulty, they are equivalent to learn the state verbs in English and these verbs in Turkish)


5) Fiil çok heceliyse ve ünsüzle bitiyorsa her zaman -ır/-ir/-ur/-ür alır.

(If the verb has more than 1 vowel and it ends in a consonant, it always take -ır/-ir/-ur/-ür.)

Dolayısıyla,


çıkmak: 1to extract, 2to make smb./sth. go out, 3to ascend, 4...5...6..7..

çıkar(mak): causative 

>now it has two vowels.


çıkar + ır (simple present) > çıkarır

çıkar + ır (simple present) + dı (past) > çıkarırdı: used to ...


1

olmak: 1to be, 2to become, 3to happen, 4....5....6....7...8.....

oluşmak: to consist, to constitute (intransitive)

oluşum: formation (to act of being formed)

oluşturmak: to form, to constitute (transitive)


Medeniyetin oluşumunda kölelik gerçekten ne derece etkilidir?

(To what degree is slavery efficient in the formation of civilisation?)


...

ne: what, derece: 1grade, 2degree

ne derece? : what degree? >> to what degree?

ne dereceye kadar? : until what degree? > to what degree?


etmek: to make

etki: 1influence, 2effect

etkili: 1influent, 2efficient

etkilemek: 1to affect, to influent, 2to move (feeling)


gerçek: 1truth, 2reality, 3real (adjective)

gerçekten: from reality >> really

1

uymak: 1to suit, 2to fix, 3to obey

uyum: harmony

uygu: [untranslatable - grammatically possible but never used in the language]

uygun: 1ideal, 2acceptable

uygunsuz: improper

uygulamak: 1to apply*, 2to practice

uygulama: 1application*, 2practice


*doesn't mean 'başvurmak' and 'başvuru' here. for example, android applications/apps.


.... kadar ..

(as .. as .....)


Medeniyet kadar eski bir uygulama.

(It is a practice as old as civilisation.)

1

hiç: 1never, 2at all


görmek: to see

görülmek: to be seen

görülmemiş: haven't been seen >> never seen before

hiç görülmemiş: have never been seen >> never seen before


hiç görülmemiş bir felâket

(a catastrophe never seen before)

(literally: a catastrophe that has never been seen before)

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