功夫 ɡōnɡ fū

(1) [effort;skill of Chinese boxing and sword play]∶武术技能,有时也代指武术
练功夫
(2) [time]∶作事所费的精力和时间。也作“工夫”
(3) [art;craftsmanship;skill]∶素养、本领、造诣
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Maybe I should have included this I came across: 他三天功夫就學會了滑冰. 你說 '功夫' 的意思是'時間', 那為什麼這句子裡我要說'功夫'? <他三天就學會了滑冰> 不是正確的嗎? 還有這個單詞是常見的嗎?

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Yes, gongfu in this usage really means shijian. But gongfu sounds much colloquial, although time is nowadays commonly used too. You will seldom see '他三天功夫就學會了滑冰' in a very formal writing. 三天=三天时间=三天工夫/功夫。Yes, very common word.

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Also, for #5, I wrote the sentence correctly. Half a cup of cinnamon = 一半杯肉桂, but I'm not sure how to translate 'read' in this sentence. In English, it is common to say "This book says (or reads)...", but I don't think I could say <這本書說...> in Chinese. How would I say it?

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Yes, we do have 'This book says' in Chinese, i.e  <這本書說...>. For example, 书上说老鼠害怕猫。电视上说今天下雨。But 'read' in Chinese means 读。 You can read book, but book can't read itself. So you can't translate it as '这本书读...'. 

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As for 'Half a cup of cinnamon = 一半杯肉桂', I never drink that hence confused.

【1】

Find out (e.g, Yesterday I found out that I am pregnant.) 

发现；昨天，我发现自己怀孕了。

【2】

Profile (social media profile)

简介；社交媒体的简介

【3】

功夫

1.作事所费的精力和时间。

2.时间。

3.6本领；造诣。

4.特指武术。

【4】

Career；职业

【5】

This book reads that I need half a cup of cinnamon.

Sorry, do you mean 'coffee with cinnamon'?

【6】

词语辨析，请百度baidu。Otherwise, this answer will be too long.

【7】

无论是男生还是女生，都不要说“捡肥皂”。这是一个色情笑话，anal sex，homosexuality 。This is from the movie Naked Gun 33 1/3: The Final Insult.

這些單詞和句子怎麼翻譯??

Find out (e.g, Yesterday I found out that I am pregnant.)

If I understand you correctly, "find out" would generally be translated as 知道 (know) or 發現 (discover). It can be 找到 as in finding someone or something. 

As for your example, you cannot use it.  It's cultural preference.  if a female says, "我有了", it means that she's pregnant.  A more elegant way of saying is 我有喜 (I have happiness). It's like the old days, in American TV when "pregnant" is a tabu word. A more direct way is 我 怀 孕了

Profile (social media profile)
功夫 (除了運動的意思, 功夫還有什麼意思?) skills, work, 

Career
This book reads that I need half a cup of cinnamon.  這本書說我要半杯的/桂香/肉桂/

順便說這些單詞有什麼區別?   No difference in meaning.  One way is more colloquial, the other ways are more elegant or poetic.  The minute difference in nuance is the meaning of the combining character.

喝醉, 酒醉, 醉酒 For example, "drink to stupor", "alcohol intoxication", "drunk in alcohol"
追求, 追逐
按時, 準時, 及時
相片, 圖片, 照片
勸, 勸告, 勸說

還有, 如果我是個男生, 我跟很熟的女的朋友可不可以說 "讓我給你減肥皂", 還是這只是跟哥們兒的說話? Most probably she won't like it.  Nobody does.  You have to say it very euphemistically.  For example, 你太富有了 (You are too rich! This is because in the old days, wealthy people are usually fat people.  In those days, fatness equates to being rich.  Skinny means poverty, not enough to eat.  Remember China is a land often plagued by famine, very unlike the US)

謝謝!!!

這些單詞和句子怎麼翻譯??

Find out (e.g, Yesterday I found out that I am pregnant.)

发现 (昨天我发现自己怀孕了)

Profile (social media profile)

简介 社交媒体简介

功夫 (除了運動的意思, 功夫還有什麼意思?)

(1) [effort;skill of Chinese boxing/KongFu and sword play]∶武术技能,有时也代指武术
练功夫
(2) [time]∶作事所费的精力和时间。也作“工夫” old-fashinoned
我花了三天的功夫/工夫完成了這個項目。
(3) [art;craftsmanship;skill]∶素养、本领、造诣

功夫學到家了。 means 'You have comprehend the skill wholly'.

Career

职业；事业

This book reads that I need half a cup of cinnamon.

这本书上写着我需要半杯肉桂；这本书上说我需要半杯肉桂；

寫著 is more understandable.

For example:

The roadpost reads 'turn left.' 路標上寫著 ‘向左轉’。

The monument reads 'XXXXX'. 紀念碑上寫著'XX'。

順便說這些單詞有什麼區別?
喝醉, 酒醉, 醉酒

‘酒醉’, I seldom use and see it.

'喝醉' very common. '我喝醉了'(I am drunk).

'醉酒' refers to a state that you are drunk.

追求, 追逐

'追求' has two common meanings. One is 'to chase the people of opposite sex'. The other is 'to try to obtain or achieve sth, for example money, work,or success.'

Secondly, '追求' can work as a noun. We often say '你有什麼追求？'

‘追逐’ often means 'to run, drive after somebody/something in order to catch them'.

按時, 準時, 及時 按时/准时 is 'on time'; 及时 is 'in time'.
相片, 圖片, 照片

'照片' only means the picture taken by camera/cellphone camera. The picture on your computer or the one that has been printed out.

'圖片' is  more common/general. 

'相片' often means the one that has been framed .

勸, 勸告, 勸說

還有, 如果我是個男生, 我跟很熟的女的朋友可不可以說 "讓我給你減肥皂", 還是這只是跟哥們兒的說話?

学习了，以前真的听到的，不是很多。哥们间开开玩笑就可以了。

謝謝!!!