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Korean: Using 입니다 practice

I have learned three sentence types in Korean. The first type is when we say something "is" but using the verb as description. In English it's like when we say "Joe is the vice president.", "Merlin is a wizard", etc.

Apparently this is accomplished politely in Korean by using 입니다.
The resources I'm using don't teach me casual verbs for anything, so if anyone could help me know how to say these causally among friends, that would be good.

Here are some sentences I came up with using "to be" as a descriptor. I appreciate your corrections:

A.
1. 이굿이것은 무엇입니까? What is this? 이게 뭐야?
그굿이것은 비행기입니다. That's an airplane. 그건 비행기야.

2. 그굿이것은 무엇입니까? What is that? 그게 뭐야?
그굿이것은 책성상입니다. That's a desk. 그건 책상이야.

3. 저굿이것은 무엇입니까? What's that? (Far away) 저건 뭐야?
저굿이것은 집입니다. That over there is a house. 저건 집이야.

B.
1. 삼이샘은 사람입니다. Sam is a man/person. 샘은 사람이야.
2. 탐이은 선생님입니다. Tom is a teacher. 탐은 선생님이셔.
3. "Daphne"가는 개입니다. "Daphne" is a dog. Daphne(다프네)는 개야.
4. 아빠가(or 는) 소방관입니다. Dad is a firefighter. (우리)아빠는 소방관이야.
5. 김치가는 음식입니다. Kimchi is [a] food. 김치는 음식이야.

I hope I am using this verb correctly.

\^o^/