Teangacha
Tá timpeall seacht míle teangacha ar domhan faoi láthair. De réir teangeolaithe, tá céad míle teangacha ag bheith i stair an chine dhaonna. Mar sin féin, mar gheall ar domhandú cultúrtha, síl na teangeolaithe go bású leath na teangacha comhaimseartha faoi deireadh na bliana.
Tá teangacha an domhain go hiontach éagsúil. Is an teanga a bhfuil méid na bhfuaimeanna is lú aici í Rotokas. Tá sé labhairtear i Nua-Ghuine Phapua agus níl ach a haon déag fuaimeanna aici. Ar an lámh eile, tá céad is a dó dhéag fuaimeanna ag !Xóõ – teanga go labhairtear ina Bhotsuáin. Tá timpeall idir daichead augs caoga fuaimeanna ag Béarla agus Éire i gcomparáid.
Tá éagsúlacht i foirmiú focail ann freisin. I nGaeilge, tá an briathar ag athrú nuair a athrú aimsir. Tá gach briathar rialta níos lú ná tríocha cruthanna aige. Tá rudaí an-difriúil i dteanga darb ainm Chintang go labhairtear in oirthear na Neipeal. Tá níos mó ná míle ocht gcéad cruthanna ag briathra simplí i Chintang. Tá níos mó ná ceithre mhíle cruthanna ag briathra casta.
Níl a fhios ag teangeolaithe cén chaoi ar thosaigh teanga. Tá sé an-deacair, mar gheall ní fhágann teangacha iontaisí. Tá teanga go hiontach, ach b’fheidir ní thuigfimid í go deo.
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Teangacha
Tá timpeall seacht míle teangacha [the singular is generally used after numbers] ar domhan faoi láthair. De réir teangeolaithe, tá céad míle teangacha ag bheith ann [ag bheith isn't used in Irish; ann is a useful word for expressing existence] i stair an chine dhaonna. Mar sin féin, mar gheall ar dhomhandú [ar usually lenites a following word] cultúrtha, síleann [here you need the present tense ending on the verb] na teangeolaithe go bású bhfaighidh leath na dteangacha [you need the genitive case after leath (i.e. "half of the languages"), and the genitive plural article na eclipses] comhaimseartha bás [básaigh usually means "to put to death"; it can also mean "to die", but it's much more common to say faigh bás (lit. "to get death") for this] faoi dheireadh na bliana.
Tá teangacha an domhain go hiontach éagsúil. Is í an teanga is lú a bhfuil méid na bhfuaimeanna is lú aici [lit. "the language that is smallest [as regards] the number of sounds"] í Rotokas. Tá sé Labhraítear [labhraítear by itself means "it is spoken" or, more precisely, "they/people/someone speaks it" (this verb form can often be translated as a passive in English, but it isn't really passive, it's impersonal); two-syllable verbs ending in -ir, -il or -in belong to the 2nd conjugation, like verbs ending with -igh, so they take an ending with a long vowel (and they lose the vowel of their final syllable)] i Nua-Ghuine Phapua í [the object of labhraítear] agus níl ach a haon [the particle a is only used before numbers when there is no noun afterwards] déag fhuaimeanna déag [with two-digit numbers, the (singular) noun is inserted between the units and the tens] aici. Ar an lámh eile, tá céad is a dó dhéag dhá fhuaimeanna déag ag !Xóõ – teanga go a labhraítear ina sa [sa = i + an; ina = i + a] Bhotsuáin. Tá timpeall idir daichead agus caoga fuaimeanna ag an Bhéarla agus ag Éire an Ghaeilge i gcomparáid.
Tá éagsúlacht i bhfoirmiú focail [foirmiú focail = "formation of a word", foirmiú focal = formation of words; the genitive plural of focal is focal (i.e. the same as the nominative singular - this is quite common in Irish] ann freisin. I nGaeilge, tá bíonn an briathar ag athrú nuair a athraíonn an aimsir. Tá gach briathar rialta níos lú ná tríocha cruthanna aige ag gach briathar rialta. Tá rudaí an-difriúil i dteanga darb ainm Chintang go a labhraítear in oirthear na [the names of most countries do take the article, but Nepal is one of the few exceptions] Neipeal. Tá níos mó ná míle ocht gcéad cruthanna ag briathra simplí i Chintang. Tá níos mó ná ceithre mhíle cruthanna ag briathra casta.
Níl a fhios ag teangeolaithe cén chaoi ar thosaigh an teanga [urlabhra or caint would be more idiomatic to mean "language" in this sense, but an teanga is acceptable]. Tá sé an-deacair, mar gheall ní nach [ní changes to nach (+eclipsis) in a subordinate clause (even words like mar gheall and b'fhéidir introduce subordinate clauses)] bhfágann teangacha iontaisí. Tá an teanga go hiontach, ach b’fheidir ní nach dtuigfimid í go deo í [a pronoun object tends to come at the end of the phrase].
Maith thú, a Caroline. Má tá ceist ar bith agat faoi na ceartúcháin, fiafraigh díom agus fáilte.
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