179 meanings of one word

<a href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/run">http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/run</a>

Lesson 67 - Verbs. Past Tense Endings.

The Past Tense Endings

 

The Past Tense of a verb indicates that the action indicated by the verb occurred in the past. The Past Tense ending for both conjugations is -л + gender marker, -o for neuter, -a for feminine, nothing for masculine, in the singular and -и in the plural. The past tense of сказа- "say, tell" is сказа-л-, as shown below:

(он) сказал "he/it said" 
(она) сказала "she/it said" 
(оно) сказало "it said" 
(они) сказали "they said"

The stem does not change if the past tense ending is added to a vowel stem; however, this ending doesn't like consonants and usually makes some adjustments to consonant stems. We will talk about it when we learn the Rules of Combinations.

Lesson 66 - Verbs. Determinate vs. Indeterminate.

Determinate vs. Indeterminate verbs

 

Determinate Verbs of Motion

This set of verbs (determinate vs. indeterminate) has many different names. Some textbooks also call this actual vs. habitual. If you think of this set in both terms, it may help, because habitual (indeterminate) is obvious – it’s a habit that is done often, while actual (determinate), for example, means that there is a previously determined destination.

Verbs of motion can be similarly characterized as the imperfective/perfective set. Some verbs mean habitual motion, round-trip, or meandering trips, like going to and from school, and other mean a one-way, straight, one-time trip, like walking to the corner store.

Determinate verbs are the one-way, definite destination type. "I go to school" means a lot for English speakers. It implies a habitual action and a round trip, because we assume that the speaker will also be returning from school. In Russian, the meaning can be quite different. If one uses the "идти" form of the verb of motion, it means one thing, and the "ходить" form means another. The “идти” form means a one-way trip, on foot to school. The latter form – “ходить” means a habitual, perhaps round-trip variant, also on foot.

Again, the best way for you to decide which verb to use is to complete the sentence you are creating as much as possible. "I go tо school” (every day, by the same route on foot) tell you exactly which verb to use. "I carry a bookbag (on my back, every day) as I walk to class" can help you decide between "нести" and "носить" as well.

Indeterminate Verbs of Motion

 

Indeterminate verbs are simply the verbs that are habitual or that have no previous-decided upon destination. "I drove around the city,” means that there was no destination, but that you and the car wandered aimlessly around the city. "I go to school every day" - this is a habitual motion, so the indeterminate verb would be used - whether the speaker goes on foot (ходить) or by car (ездить).

Lesson 65 - Verbs. Imperfective vs. Perfective.

Imperfective vs. Perfective verbs

 

Imperfective

In Russian, imperfective verbs are those that denote habitual or incomplete actions (or when an action”s completion is not the point). For example, using the verb to write, "I write a letter" or "I am writing a letter" mean pretty much the same thing in English. We don”t know whether the action has been completed.

The best way to think about your choice in Russian is to decide whether the action has been completed or not but including all the information you can. For example, " I am writing this letter (right now and but I haven”t finished it yet)."

The habitual action is a little more complicated, because the action can be completed, but the person often does this action. "I am writing this letter (and will soon finish like I have in the past.)

Key words to look for are: always, never, often, every (hour, day, week, month, year), etc. These words tell us that the actions are done over and over again.

Russian imperfective verbs are most often unprefixed.

<a name="perf"></a>Perfective

Perfective verbs are reserved for actions that have been completed, or, at least, when the speaker wants to emphasize the completion of the action. The most important question to ask when deciding which aspect to use is "Has the action been completed?"

"I wrote the letter (and completed it)" would use the perfective, prefixed form of the verb.

"I am going to buy the groceries today" would use the perfective aspect because the speaker is planning on completing the action, but "I will buy groceries every week" uses the imperfective aspect because that action is habitual.

When choosing your aspect, think the action through - will it be complete? Do you do that action habitually, or is it a one-time action? Are there any key words like “every” or “always”?

The table below demonstrates some frequently used Russian verbs in imperfective/perfective pairs:

 

 

Lesson 64 - Verbs Conjugation.

Following verbs are conjugated according to the

first (e)-conjugation:

All monosyllabic verbs ending in -ить (and all which are derived from them). In this case, the letter -и- in the verb stem changes to -ь-:

Examples

пить (drink), бить (beat), etc.

All verbs ending in -оть, -уть:

Examples

молоть (grind, mill), пороть (flog, birch, whip), отдохнуть (rest)

All verbs ending in -сти, -зти:

Examples

нести (carry), везти (convey, carry), etc.

Most verbs ending in -ать, -ять:

Examples

дать (give), читать (read), гулять (go for a walk), поздравлять (congratulate), работать (work), etc.

Most verbs ending in –еть:

Example

болеть (be ill/sick), жалеть (feel/be sorry), etc.

First e-conjugation

Person

работать 
(work)

нести 
(carry)

пить 
(drink)

отдохнуть

(rest)

я (I)

работаю

несу

пью

отдыхаю

ты (you)

работаешь

несёшь

пьёшь

отдыхаешь

он/она/оно

(he/she/it)

работает

несёт

пьёт

отдыхает

мы (we)

работаем

несём

пьём

отдыхаем

вы (you)

работаете

несёте

пьёте

отдыхаете

они (they)

работают

несут

пьют

отдыхают

Following verbs are conjugated according to the

second (и)-conjugation

All polysyllabic verbs ending in–ить (except for стелить (make a bed), зиждиться (old Russian: be based / founded)):

Examples

любить (love), говорить (talk),

Lesson 63 - Verbs. Past Tense.

Past Tense of Russian Verbs

 

The past tense is generally used to express actions occurred before the time of speaking or writing. In Russian, using special endings forms the past tense.

Uses of the Past Tense

The meaning of the past tense form depends on whether the verb is imperfective or perfective.

Imperfective verbs in the past tense

Past tense forms of imperfective verbs are generally used:

1.    To name an action that took place in the past (before the moment of speaking).

·      Мы делали это задание. - We did this exercise.

·      Вчера вечером я смотрел телевизор, читал книгу. - Yesterday I watched TV, read a book.


2.    To denote an action in progress that took place in the past:

·      В это время я смотрел телевизор. - I was watching TV at that moment.

3.    To denote repeated actions in the past.

·      
Я отправлял ей письма каждый день. - I used to send her letters every day.

Perfective verbs in the past tense

 

Past tense forms of perfective verbs are generally used:

1.    To name an action that took place in the past with special emphasis on its completion, result or limit.

·      Мы сделали это задание. - We have completed this task.

·      Я посмотрел телевизор и пошёл спать. - I watched TV and (after I finished watching TV) I went to sleep.

 

2.    To denote momentary actions in the past.

·      
После этого я отправил ей письмо. - After that, I sent her a letter.

 

Verb Endings in the Past Tense

Russian past tense verbs agree with their subjects in gender and number. The table below represents regular endings of Russian verbs in the past tense:

<table class="MsoNormalTable" style="margin-left: .9in; border-collapse: collapse; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh: 1.0pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: 1.0pt solid windowtext;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width: 107.1pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #D7D7D7; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" width="107">

Gender

</td> <td style="width: 99.0pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #D7D7D7; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" width="99">

Singular

</td> <td style="width: 85.5pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #D7D7D7; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" width="86">

Plural

</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 107.1pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="107">

Masculine

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-л

</td> <td style="width: 85.5pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" rowspan="3" width="86">

-ли

</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 107.1pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="107">

Feminine

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-ла

</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 107.1pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="107">

Neuter

</td> <td style="width: 99.0pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="99">

-ло

</td> </tr> </tbody> </table>

 

Verb Forms in the Past Tense

The above-mentioned endings are added to the past tense stem of the verb. The formation of the past tense stem of Russian verbs will be discussed in greater detail in articles devoted to Russian verbs conjugation. Below, we are going to provide just general guidelines.

The past tense stem of most Russian verbs can be defined by dropping the ending -ть/-ти from their infinitive. Thus, the past tense stem of the first conjugation verb работать “to work” is работа-. Below, you can see the past tense forms of this verb:

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Gender

</td> <td style="width: 117.0pt; border: solid #C4C4C4 1.0pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C4C4C4 1.0pt; background: #D7D7D7; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" width="117">

Singular

</td> <td style="width: 117.0pt; border: solid #C4C4C4 1.0pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C4C4C4 1.0pt; background: #D7D7D7; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" width="117">

Plural

</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 131.4pt; border: solid #C4C4C4 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C4C4C4 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131">

Masculine

</td> <td style="width: 117.0pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid #C4C4C4 1.0pt; border-right: solid #C4C4C4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C4C4C4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C4C4C4 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="117">

работал

</td> <td style="width: 117.0pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid #C4C4C4 1.0pt; border-right: solid #C4C4C4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C4C4C4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C4C4C4 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" rowspan="3" width="117">

работали

</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 131.4pt; border: solid #C4C4C4 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C4C4C4 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131">

Feminine

</td> <td style="width: 117.0pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid #C4C4C4 1.0pt; border-right: solid #C4C4C4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C4C4C4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C4C4C4 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="117">

работала

</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 131.4pt; border: solid #C4C4C4 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C4C4C4 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131">

Neuter

</td> <td style="width: 117.0pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid #C4C4C4 1.0pt; border-right: solid #C4C4C4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C4C4C4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C4C4C4 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="117">

работало

</td> </tr> </tbody> </table>

 

Verbs whose past tense stem ends in б, г, з, р, с, к do not add the -л in the masculine singular form.

везти (infinitive) “to carry” - он вёз (past tense, mascular singular), она везла (past tense, feminine singular)

мочь (infinitive) “to be able” - он мог (past tense, mascular singular), она могла (past tense, feminine singular)

печь (infinitive) “to bake” - он пёк (past tense, mascular singular), она пекла (past tense, feminine singular).

 

Lesson 62 - Verbs. Present Tense.

Uses of the Present Tense

You will be pleased to know that Russian has only one present tense. Russian verbs change their endings depending on the subject. This takes place a little in English, but not as much. (Example: I work, he works). It happens according to two different patterns known as the first conjugation, and the second conjugation. (There are also some irregular verbs).

Both these patterns are quite similar, and once you get a hold of it, it is not going to look too complex.

 

The present tense forms of verbs in Russian may describe:

 

Verb Endings in the Present Tense

Russian present tense verbs agree with their subjects in person and number. Russian verbs have two conjugation patterns for the present tense that are called first conjugation and second conjugation. These conjugation patterns differ by vowel used in the endings. The table below represents regular endings of Russian vebs in the present tense:

<table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh: 1.0pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: 1.0pt solid windowtext;" width="329" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width: .95in; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #C6D9F1; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 51; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" width="68">

Person

</td> <td style="width: 81.0pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #C6D9F1; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 51; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" width="81">

Subject

</td> <td style="width: 1.25in; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #C6D9F1; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 51; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" width="90">

1st Conjugation

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2nd Conjugation

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Singular

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1st Person

</td> <td style="width: 81.0pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #EAF1DD; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; mso-background-themetint: 51; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="81">

Я

</td> <td style="width: 1.25in; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #EAF1DD; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; mso-background-themetint: 51; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="90">

-ю (-у)

</td> <td style="width: 1.25in; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #EAF1DD; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; mso-background-themetint: 51; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="90">

-ю (-у)

</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: .95in; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="68">

2nd Person

</td> <td style="width: 81.0pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="81">

Ты

</td> <td style="width: 1.25in; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="90">

-ешь/-ёшь

</td> <td style="width: 1.25in; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="90">

-ишь

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3d Person

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Он, она, оно

</td> <td style="width: 1.25in; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #EAF1DD; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; mso-background-themetint: 51; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="90">

-ет/-ёт

</td> <td style="width: 1.25in; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #EAF1DD; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; mso-background-themetint: 51; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="90">

-ит

</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 329.4pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #D9D9D9; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 217; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" colspan="4" valign="top" width="329">

Plural

</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: .95in; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #EAF1DD; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; mso-background-themetint: 51; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="68">

1st Person

</td> <td style="width: 81.0pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #EAF1DD; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; mso-background-themetint: 51; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="81">

Мы

</td> <td style="width: 1.25in; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #EAF1DD; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; mso-background-themetint: 51; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="90">

-ем/-ём

</td> <td style="width: 1.25in; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #EAF1DD; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; mso-background-themetint: 51; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="90">

-им

</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: .95in; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="68">

2nd Person

</td> <td style="width: 81.0pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="81">

Вы

</td> <td style="width: 1.25in; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="90">

-ете/-ёте

</td> <td style="width: 1.25in; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="90">

-ите

</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: .95in; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #EAF1DD; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; mso-background-themetint: 51; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="68">

3d Person

</td> <td style="width: 81.0pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #EAF1DD; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; mso-background-themetint: 51; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="81">

Они

</td> <td style="width: 1.25in; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #EAF1DD; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; mso-background-themetint: 51; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="90">

-ют (-ут)

</td> <td style="width: 1.25in; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #EAF1DD; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; mso-background-themetint: 51; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="90">

-ят (-ат)

</td> </tr> </tbody> </table>

 

In the first singular form and the third plural form, the endings -у, -ут, -aт are used if one of the following is true:

1.    Present Tense stem ends in a hard consonant.

2.    Аfter consonants ж, ч, ш, щ.

The first conjugation verbs use endings with the letter ё (-ёшь, -ёт, -ём, ‑ёте) if the stress falls on the ending.

Verb Forms in the Present Tense

Usually, the conjugation type of verbs can be defined by its infinitive. Infinitives of most first conjugation verbs have the ending -ать/-ять, and infinitives of second conjugation verbs often end with -ить.

However, this is not true for all Russian verbs: some Russian verbs of the first conjugation end with -ить, like the verb жить “to live”, and some verbs of the second conjugation end in -ать, like слышать “to hear”. That is why a consultation with dictionary may be required to ascertain the conjugation type of a Russian verb.

The above-mentioned endings should be added to the present tense stem of the verb. In fact, the determination of the present tense stem is the most important and difficult moment in conjugation of Russian verbs.

The formation of the present tense stem of Russian verbs will be discussed in greater detail later. Below, I will provide just general guidelines.

The present tense stem is, of course, related to the infinitive of the verb. For example, there are many Russian verbs of the first conjugation type whose present tense stem can be defined by dropping the ending -ть from their infinitive, and many verbs of the second conjugation type have the present tense stem which is formed by dropping -ить from the infinitive.

Thus, the present tense stem of the first conjugation verb работать is работа-, and the stem of the second conjugation verb говорить is говор-.

Below, you can see the present tense forms of these verbs:

<table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh: 1.0pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: 1.0pt solid windowtext;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width: 77.4pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #D7D7D7; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" width="77">

 

</td> <td style="width: 103.5pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #D7D7D7; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" width="104">

Работать (to work)

(1st conjugtion)

</td> <td style="width: 117.0pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #D7D7D7; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" width="117">

Говорить (to talk)

(2nd сonjugation)

</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 77.4pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #CCFFCC; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="77">

Stem

</td> <td style="width: 103.5pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #CCFFCC; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104">

работа-

</td> <td style="width: 117.0pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #CCFFCC; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="117">

говор-

</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 77.4pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="77">

Я

</td> <td style="width: 103.5pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104">

работаю

</td> <td style="width: 117.0pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="117">

говорю

</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 77.4pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #CCFFCC; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="77">

Ты

</td> <td style="width: 103.5pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #CCFFCC; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104">

работаешь

</td> <td style="width: 117.0pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #CCFFCC; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="117">

говоришь

</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 77.4pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="77">

Он, она, оно

</td> <td style="width: 103.5pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104">

работает

</td> <td style="width: 117.0pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="117">

говорит

</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 77.4pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #CCFFCC; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="77">

Мы

</td> <td style="width: 103.5pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #CCFFCC; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104">

работаем

</td> <td style="width: 117.0pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #CCFFCC; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="117">

говорим

</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 77.4pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="77">

Вы

</td> <td style="width: 103.5pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104">

работаете

</td> <td style="width: 117.0pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="117">

говорите

</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 77.4pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #CCFFCC; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="77">

Они

</td> <td style="width: 103.5pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #CCFFCC; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104">

работают

</td> <td style="width: 117.0pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #CCFFCC; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="117">

говорят

</td> </tr> </tbody> </table>

 

At the same time, there are also many Russian verbs that do not match this model, and it is not easy to define their present tense stem from their infinitive. Plus, a lot of verbs incur alternations of the final stem consonant, especially verbs of the second conjugation in the first singular person.

Moreover, certain verbs have a shifting stress, for example, in some present forms the stress falls on their endings while in other forms the the stress falls on the stem of the verb.

Let”s take a look of such "particular" verbs:

The 1st conjugation verb жить “to live” (it is the 1st conjugation type in spite of the fact that it ends with -ить) and the 2nd conjugation verb любить “to love”.

The verb жить has the present tense stem жив- in all persons and takes streessed endings. The feature of the verb любить is that its stem has an additional letter -л- in the first singular person, and the stress falls either on the ending (in the 1st singular) or on the stem (in all other forms):

<table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh: 1.0pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: 1.0pt solid windowtext;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width: .7in; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #D7D7D7; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" width="50">

 

</td> <td style="width: 1.5in; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #D7D7D7; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" width="108">

жить

(1st conjuagtion)

</td> <td style="width: 112.5pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #D7D7D7; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" width="113">

любить

(2nd сonjugation)

</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: .7in; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #CCFFCC; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" width="50">

Stem

</td> <td style="width: 1.5in; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #CCFFCC; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" width="108">

жив-

</td> <td style="width: 112.5pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #CCFFCC; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" width="113">

люб(л)-

</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: .7in; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" width="50">

Я

</td> <td style="width: 1.5in; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" width="108">

живу

</td> <td style="width: 112.5pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" width="113">

люблю

</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: .7in; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #CCFFCC; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" width="50">

Ты

</td> <td style="width: 1.5in; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #CCFFCC; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" width="108">

живёшь

</td> <td style="width: 112.5pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #CCFFCC; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" width="113">

любишь

</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: .7in; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" width="50">

Он, она, оно

</td> <td style="width: 1.5in; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" width="108">

живёт

</td> <td style="width: 112.5pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" width="113">

любит

</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: .7in; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #CCFFCC; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" width="50">

Мы

</td> <td style="width: 1.5in; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #CCFFCC; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" width="108">

живём

</td> <td style="width: 112.5pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #CCFFCC; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" width="113">

любим

</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: .7in; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" width="50">

Вы

</td> <td style="width: 1.5in; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" width="108">

живёте

</td> <td style="width: 112.5pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" width="113">

любите

</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: .7in; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #CCFFCC; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" width="50">

Они

</td> <td style="width: 1.5in; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #CCFFCC; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" width="108">

живут

</td> <td style="width: 112.5pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; background: #CCFFCC; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" width="113">

любят

</td> </tr> </tbody> </table>

 

As you can see, the following facts are important to form the present tense of Russian verbs:

•     You should know the conjugation type of the verb in order to use appopriate endings.

•    It is necessary to define the present tense stem of the verb.

You need to know whether the verb has a fixed or shifting stress.

Lesson 61 - The General Nature of the Russian Verb.

The General Nature of the Russian Verb

 

The <a href="http://www.alphadictionary.com/rusgrammar/note01.html">Russian verb</a> is always composed of two parts:

1.    A stem

2.   Aconjugational ending.

 

Two basic types of stems and two types of endings determine the present-future form.

Neither stems nor endings occur alone, but always in conjunction with one another.

<a name="stem">The two</a> major types of verb stems are <a href="http://www.alphadictionary.com/rusgrammar/note02.html">Consonant Stems and Vowel Stems.</a>

 

Consonant Stems are those verb stems that end on a consonant. There are two significant types:

1.    “wimpy” consonant stems

2.    “tough” consonant stems.

 

 

Vowel Stems are those verb stems which end on a vowel. There are two significant types of these: front-vowel and back-vowel stems.

 

 

Lesson 60 - Verb Conjugation.

What Are Conjugations?

A verbal conjugation comprises the set of endings added to any verb in a language to distinguish the grammatical categories of Person, Number, and Gender.

In Russian, gender is indicated only by the Past Tense conjugations. In the Present Tense, however, each verb must bear one of six verbal endings indicating whether the subject of the verb is singular or plural, and whether it is the speaker (1st Person), the listener (2nd Person) or some person or object not participating in the conversation.

The English language has lost all but one of its Present Tense conjugation endings, the -s of 3rd Person Singular:

Singular

Plural

1st Person

I work

we work

2nd Person

you work

you work

3rd Person

he work-s

they work

Russian, however, like most other European languages, maintains a separate suffix for each of these forms:

Singular

Plural

1st Person

я работа-ю

мы работа-ем

2nd Person

ты работа-ешь

вы работа-ете

3rd Person

он работа-ет

они работа-ют

Verbs change on person and number (conjugation):

Я

Ты

Мы

Вы

Present Tense

Пишу

Пишешь

Пишем

Пишете

Читаю

Читаешь

Читаем

Читаете

Люблю

Любишь

Любим

Любите

Делаю

Делаешь

Делаем

Делаете

Ем

Ешь

Едим

Едите

Несу

Несёшь

Несём

Несёте

Future Tense

Буду писать

Напишу

Будешь писать

Напишешь

Будем писать

Напишем

Будете писать

Напишете

Буду читать

Прочитаю

Будешь читать

Прочитаешь

Будем читать

Прочитаем

Будете читать

Прочитаете

Буду любить

Полюблю

Будешь любить

Полюбишь

Будем любить

Полюбим

Будете любить

Полюбите

Буду делать

Сделаю

Будешь делать

Сделаешь

Будем делать

Сделаем

Будете делать

Сделаете

Буду есть

Съем

Будешь есть

Съешь

Будем есть

Съедим

Будете есть

Съедите

Буду нести

Принесу