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The endings of verbs in the present tense –у (ут), -ю (ют), ё, -ат, - ят.
-у(ут), -ат is placed after the stem with a consonant:
пиш-у, пиш-ут
ид-у, ид-ут
дыш-у, дыш-ат
держ-у, держ-ат
-ю(ют) is placed after the stem on a vowel in the first conjugation
работа-ю, работа-ют
игрА-ю, игрА-ют
читА-ю, читА-ют
-ю is used for verbs ending in –ить
Стел-ить – стелю
Куп-ить – куплю
-ят is put in verbs on –ить, -еть + verb на –ать (гнать)
Говор-ить – говорят
Кур-ить- курят
Хот-еть – хотят
Завис-еть – зависят
гнать – гонят
- ё is put if the stress falls
идёт, идём
плывёт, плывём
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–ОЙ or –ЕЙ endings in the instrumental case of feminine nouns and adjectives
-ЕЙ unstressed ending in words with a stem on a soft consonant (endings -я, -яя in the nominative case):
(что?) зи́мняя пе́сня – горди́ться (чем?) зи́мней пе́сней;
-ЕЙ unstressed ending is used only after the consonants ж, ш, ч, щ, ц:
блю́до с горя́чей ку́рицей
сала́т со све́жей пи́ццей
гуля́ть с Ната́шей
- ОЙ stressed ending after the consonants ж, ш, ч, щ, ц;
unstressed ending for words with a solid consonant stem (endings -а, -ая):
(что?) больша́я ру́чка – писа́ть (чем?) большо́й ру́чкой
(кто?) ма́ленькая де́вочка – говори́ть (с кем?) с ма́ленькой де́вочкой
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ВОТ, ВОН, ЗДЕСЬ, ТУТ, ТАМ
ВОТ is an indicative particle, used to indicate the presence of something / someone nearby at a given moment in time. ВОН is an indicative particle, indicates the presence of an object at some distance.
ЗДЕСЬ means in this place, the opposite: ТАМ.
When expressing spatial relations ЗДЕСЬ и ТУТ can be considered complete (absolute synonyms).Traditionally, it is believed that here it is more literary, here it is more colloquial. However, for example, in classes with foreigners, ТУТ -is more colloquial. However, for example, in classes with foreigners, the word ТУТ, because it is easier to remember, pronounced and more consonant with the word ТАМ.
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What is the difference between particles -НИБУДЬ, -ТО, КОЕ-, -ЛИБО.
Кто-то зашёл в дом.
Кто-нибудь хочет кофе?
Если кто-либо не согласен, предлагаю обсудить этот вопрос.
Они кое-что должны сделать.
Cases in which to use:
1. –ТО: When you don’t know or don’t remember who, what, where it happened.
Example: Я где-то это уже слышала. (But I don’t know exactly where. Or I don’t remember where.)
2.–НИБУДЬ: When it doesn't matter: who, what or where (synonym for any).
Example: Дай мне что-нибудь надеть. (I don't care what.)
3.- ЛИБО: it is a synonym for "-нибудь" and is used in formal situations.
4. КОЕ-: When you don't want to tell who, what, where. Or you don’t want to talk now, but you’ll tell later.
Example: Я кое-что тебе должен сообщить. (I know what, but now I don't want to talk or I don't have time to tell)
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Russian Short Adjectives.
Adjectives in Russian have a full and short form. These forms are used in different situations.
Not all Russian adjectives can have a short form, but only adjectives from which we can form a comparative degree.
For example:
старый: we can say “более старый” (elder) or “менее старый” (less old). Thus, we can form a short form from this adjective - “стар”, “старА”, “старО”, “старЫ”.
There are three ways to form short adjectives and a few exceptions:
1 We remove the ending of the full adjective and add the ending -A for feminine, -O for neuter, and -Ы for plural:
новый: нов, новА, новО, новЫ
белый: бел, белА, белО, белЫ
2 For combinations of consonants with the letter K. We put O between the consonant and K in the masculine gender and add the ending -A for the feminine gender, -O for the neuter and -И for the plural:
Сладкий: сладОк, сладкА, сладкО, сладкИ
Мягкий: мягОк, мягкА, мягкО, мягкИ
3 For combinations of consonants with the letter H. We put E between the consonant and the H in the masculine gender and add the ending -A for the feminine gender, -O for the neuter and -Ы for the plural:
Бедный: бедЕн, беднА, беднО, беднЫ
Приятный: приятЕн, приятнА, приятнО, приятнЫ
Exceptions:
Горький: горек, горька, горько, горьки
Полный: полон, полна, полно, полны
Злой: зол, зла, зло, злы
Changing E to Ë and Ë to E
Sometimes, when forming short adjectives, E turns into Ë and vice versa. Such cases are best remembered.
Сильный: силëн, сильна, сильно, сильны
Умный: умëн, умна, умно, умны
Весëлый: весел, весела, весело, веселы
There are no special rules for stating stress in short adjectives. It's better to learn them. The only thing is that in the neuter gender the stress usually does not coincide with the stress of the adverb.
For example,
Чувство его было СильнО – short adjective;
Он любил еë СИльно – adverb
Short adjectives do not change by case.
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