difference permit vs permission, certificate vs certification, pay vs payment, and so on... any friend tell me the diffrence between these words?Thanks very much in advance!thanks very for your answer, but i noticed that pay and permit act as nouns,for example, low pay, permit is needed for school entrance... i want to know whether we can change permit with permission, or payment with pay.

sentence building hey, dear friends, do you think these sentences is right or not? The arrangement of the flowers in a traditional way is a very hard task for me. His apology did not come in time. well, an aditional sentence: arguing can not solve any problem or argument can not solve any problem, which is right?thanks a lot for your kind answers.But still i would like to ask: is "the aggranging of flowers "and the "the arrangement of flowers"are the same? and can we choose freely between verb+ing and the verbal noun?

another question about verbal noun which of the two sentences below is right? Practice is the best way to improve language skills or, practicing is the best way to improve language skills.

about verbal noun dear friends, i have a lot of difficulties in learning verbal noun, i find it very hard to understand and remember them. For example, is this sentence right? Testing confirmed that the town had been poisoned by the dumping of toxic chemicals in town dumps? can we replace testing with test? another example. Set aside a period of time specifically for study. can we replace study with studying? there are many other examplese when i do not know how to understand and use verbal nouns correctly~,i feel so frustrated for this~

sentence understanding None of our dinner menus are exactly the same twice over . Anybody help me to understand this sentence?your help will be much appreciated!

about sound linking we would like to know, how native speaker link these word together in real life,"I'd like to know some information about the current investment environment in your country?" Especially the current investment enviroment, do you say like this: curren tinvestmen tenviroment? Thanks for any help in advance! in addition to my privious quesiton, i have this question. Every single word has its accent(stress),when you link many words together in speaking,do you change the accent of the individuel word? For example, the current investment enviroment, when you link them together, do you you still keep their respective stress in speaking? Or you just stress one word, and make the other words unstressed ?