Thanks Matthias, it is clear!

It sounds unnatural indeed. 'Uit de grond' already sounds a lot better than 'uit de aarde'. This is because grond is generally what is below our feet and 'aarde' is really the earth/material itself. Also I think 'halen' works better than 'nemen' here because that's focused on the movement and 'nemen' is more focused on the action of taking. So you could say 'een grondstof uit de grond halen' but even better would be to use the specialized word for this context 'ontginnen'.

Thanks Nora and Nathalie!

Yeah this sentence is not very nicely written and I would definitely not use it. However, just to take away your doubt, I think the writer means to say with "uit" materials that come from deep within the earth (so under the earth's surface), and "van" in general materials that can be found on earth like wood or somehing (on or above the surface). Anyway it's still not beautifully written and you'll never see this construction again, so I wouldn't worry too much about that!!

This is a pretty strange structure. As a native I would never use this structure 'uit of van'. It means the same in my opinion. I can not see a difference.