We need more of these days is referring to time( present) Maybe the speaker does not see many good qualities in people the way he/she saw them in the past, so he/she is saying that we need more of in this present time.

This is a sentence structure that's fairly common in English, but can be a bit unclear. What is happening is that the phrase "we need more of" is describing "qualities." "These days, we need more people with the qualities you have" would be another way of saying it, though the way you experienced it is more common in English. "This is the meal I like here," is another sentence using this structure. "I like" is actually a descriptive phrase about the meal. There are probably many meals served here, but I like this one.

"We need more of these days" refers to qualities that they deem positive for their present needs. Another example: "People spend too much time on their phones these days" This would mean in the present people spend too much time on their phone.

Thank you Desiree.

it means: we need more days like this one