Grammar in Use by Murphy (Cambridge) is excellent. About 10 pages are devoted to prepositions.

Greetings, Anastasia. Answering your question could take many hours. I will give you some examples of how to use each of these, but it would benefit you to simply consult an English dictionary or grammar. The word 'a' (or 'an') is an indefinite article (in contrast to 'the', which is a definite article. Example: 'A dog crossed the street' (if it is a dog you have not seen before, crossing a street you are more or less familiar with). If you say:' The dog crossed the street', you would be referring to a dog you know or are familiar with. 'An' is used before a verb beginning with a vowel, for example: The girl ate an apple, an orange, an egg, an ice cream and an upside-down tart. The word 'or' is used to introduce the second of two alternatives, for example: 'I couldn't decide whether to buy bread or milk.' OR: We only had enough money for one activity, so we had to decide between ice skating or skiing. 'In', 'on' and 'for' can be prepositions, as in this example: I put money IN my piggy bank ON Thursday to save up FOR ice cream; or they can be used as adverbs, as in the example: They were locked IN while they were putting their boots ON. However, there are so many examples of how these words can be used, and they have so many different functions, that I would literally have to write many pages in order to be able to answer your question satisfactorily. As I said, you will need to consult a good, comprehensive English dictionary or English grammar, and read and speak as much English as you can to learn how to use all of these. You could also book lessons with an italki teacher, including me, and ask him or her to design lesson plans and exercises for you specifically dealing with these words. Good luck and keep practising your English.

This is a difficult one. Each of these words has a unique use but some are very similar. For 'a' - this is usually used to mean '1'. For example: I want a banana = I want one banana. The word 'a' is called an article and is sometimes confused with 'the'. For 'or' - this is when you have different options and it sometimes used with 'either'. For example: I want either a banana or a pear. This sentence means that you don't want both. 'or' is a linking word, so it helps to connect two ideas or objects together in a sentence. 'In' and 'on' are both prepositions that have a very similar meaning sometimes. They are both sometimes called prepositions of place or location. 'in' can mean 'inside' - I am in my room. 'on' can mean on top - My book is on the table. For is also a preposition and it has a few different meanings. It can be duration - I have lived here for three years. It can also be to introduce a reason - I went to the shops for milk. There are lots of different uses and rules for all of these short words. It will help you to try and learn each individually before trying to choose between them.

These are some really challenging words to learn to use in English. A is used to show that you are talking about a single object, it's another way to say "one". For example "I'm going to buy a car" / "I'm going to buy one car", both sentences mean the same, but using a is more natural. (Remember that if the word after a starts with a vowel, you have to change to an, just to make things complicated. Example: "I want to eat a banana", "I want to eat *an* apple.") Or shows the choice between two or more things. For example: "Are you going to the store or the movies?" it shows a choice. "Should I buy one or two pencils?" In shows that something is inside something else "There is water in the cup", but it also shows time, "In two days I'll drive to the city." So the first one says that the cup contains water, and the second says that the speaker will drive to the city two days from today. On is like in, but it shows that one object is touching the outside of another object. "The pencil is on the table", like in this picture: https://vignette.wikia.nocookie.net/battlefordreamisland/images/6/6e/Pen_and_Pencil_on_the_table.png That's the most common usage, but it can also indicate time, "On Monday I go to work" means that the speaker will be going to work on Monday. Hope this helps! Good luck :)

This is something your ear will pick up over time. Also, you will have to speak with native English speakers to really hear the difference. I've noticed that educated intelligent people who learn English overseas use unnatural phrases. I call this "textbook" English. Americans don't speak "textbook" English. For example, are you "a learner of the English language" or are you "learning English"? They both mean the same thing, but you would never hear the first version in actual conversation. Other than that, or, in on and for have near equivalents in Russian (или, в, на, для) and can be substituted most of the time. "A" and "an" are a pain, but Vincent's answer is a great explanation.