"not" negates the verb. "no" talks about quantity (noun). "no" is a particle like "some" and "any". I am American. I am not Australian. Those are girls. They are not boys. There is some juice in the glass, but after I drink it, there will be no juice. I have some chocolate, but I have no milk. More here: https://www.englishforums.com/English/NoVsNot/zmpwb/post.htm

'Not' negates verbs. He is a teacher --> He [is not] a teacher. He has gone home --> He [has not] gone home. He plays football well --> He [does not] play football well. 'No' is the negative form of 'a/any/some' and it negates nouns. There is beer in the fridge --> There is [no beer] in the fridge. I have some money ---> I have [no money].

"No" is generally in response to a "yes/no" questions, but can also be used to negate nouns. For example: "There is no milk in the refrigerator." "not" is an adverb and can therefore only be used to negate verbs, adjectives and other adverbs, for example: "He was not given the letter." "The students will not have homework today." I hope this helps! Let me know if you have further questions.