There is a dictionary which has got the information "Verbs + Prepositions". It's very important to learn them by heart. But you have to know that "out" means " end/ not inside", "up" means "on the top/close" so on. Best wishes!

I don't think so,just memorize,not all make sense....chill out, hang out, burn out Slow up (same meaning as slow down), hurry up (no hurry down), throw up, give up.... I don't think there is a rule.

No, there's no fixed rule. You either have to learn the phrasal verbs as you go, or understand the preposition/adverb part as a concept and not a fixed definition (which is what native speakers do). Once you learn enough of them, you'll get a feel for how they work and understand them easily as you encounter new ones... yes, you will always encounter new phrasal verbs, even as a native speaker.