I'll just add to Norman's answer with the following: 1) "I didn't do my English homework." This would mean you have not completed the homework assigned to you. 2) I agree with Norman: "He didn't go into the military" 3) At least in American English you would say: "They didn't LISTEN to my advice." You would use the word "listen" to show the comprehension of what was said. If you said "They didn't HEAR my advice", it would literally mean that they did not hear the sounds you made when you were speaking.

1) is correct if you have never ever done any English homework. 2) Should read "He didn't go into the military" 3) is correct