I see what you mean about it seeming as though there's something missing, but in fact that is a correct and natural way of saying it. I pushed the door open. I pulled the door shut. I suppose it is really a condensed form of 'I pushed the door until it was shut'. Other similar expressions are 'He painted the house blue' (or 'painted the town red' if you know that idiom). Or he drank himself senseless... This condensed construction doesn't work with all combinations of verbs and adjectives, so I wouldn't try inventing your own sentences, if I were you. Just be prepared to recognise and accept it when you come across phrases like this.

"I pushed the door open" "I pushed the door to open it" and "I pushed the door and it opened." Are all correct ways to describe that scenario. Here, "open" is describing "the state of being open" You can also say "I pulled the door closed." or "I pushed the door closed." It's kind of like saying "I colored the picture green." Hope this helps :)