The apple is red =>  Ang mansanas ay pula = Pula ang mansanas

It is John’s apple => Iyon/Ito ay mansanas ni John = Ang mansanas na ito/iyon ay kay John (In Tagalog, the "it" becomes a demonstrative pronoun.  “Iyon” means “that, yonder”, while “Ito” means “this”.)

The present tense of “give” in Tagalog is “binibigay” or “ibinibigay”.  However, in the next 4 sentences, if you really meant them to be in the simple present tense and use “binibigay”/”ibinibigay”, the back translation would be “am/is/are giving”, i.e., the instance of giving, and not “give/gives”.  Also, the third-person pronouns “niya” and “kanya” have no gender.

I give John the apple = (I)binibigay ko kay John ang mansanas.  (I am giving John the apple.)
We give him the apple = (I)binibigay namin sa kanya ang mansanas.  (...  are giving ...)
He gives it to John = (I)binibigay niya ito/iyon kay John.  (...  is giving ...)
She gives it to him = (I)binibigay niya iyon/ito kay John.  (... is giving ...)

I must give it to him = Kailangan kong ibigay iyon/ito sa kanya.
I want to give it to her = Gusto kong ibigay ito/iyon sa kanya.
I’m going to know tomorrow = Malalaman ko bukas.

I can’t eat the apple:

Hindi ko makain ang mansanas = I can’t eat the apple (I am not able to because it tastes bad.)

Hindi ko pwedeng kainin ang mansanas = I can’t eat the apple (I am not allowed to because it belongs to John.)

I have eaten the apple = Nakain ko na ang mansanas (The translation of the present perfect in Tagalog would need the “na” (already) – I have already eaten the apple.  Without the “na”, the meaning would change to “I ate the apple by mistake”.)

Is the apple red? = Ang mansanas ba ay pula? = Pula ba ang mansanas?

The apples are red = Ang mga mansanas ay pula. = Pula ang mga mansanas.

In Tagalog

Both sentences translated are correct, and you can say it however u are comfortable with.

Key Vocab(s) for this sentence:

Pula - Red

Mansanas - Apple

Ang - The

Ay - is

So, if I translate what I wrote:

•Pula (red) ang (the) Mansanas (apples). 

•Ang (the) mansanas (apple) ay (is) pula (red)

Try not to get confused with the first sentence I wrote. They mean exactly the same. Some are more comfortable to use one sentence than the other. :)

It is John’s apple - Mansanas ito ni John.

Key words to remember!

ito - this

ni - to (if we're addressing it to someone)

The translated sentence is practically saying that "This is John's apple."

So to break it down, 

Mansanas(apple) ito(this) ni(to) John.

Notice how we don't have the "is" word in the translated sentence. That's because the word "ito" and "ni" already made it up to John's object. 

I give John the apple - Ibinigay ko ang mansanas kay John.

Key words to remember:

Bigay - verb for "to give"

Ko - me 

Kay - to / to whom

This sentence is a bit more different than the other ones. Notice how we changed the verbs in the sentence. The word "Ibinigay" is acting like a Gerund, because you are "giving the apple to John." Also, the word "kay" pronounced (kai) means to whom.

Breaking it down,

Ibinigay (give/giving) ko (i/me) ang (the) mansanas (apple) kay(to/to whom) John.

We give him the apple - Ibiningay namin sa kanya ang mansanas.

New words to remember!

Namin - us,we

Sa kanya- to him/her

In Filipino language, we normally don't say he or she specifically. We generalize the words to "it," but in the end we practically know who we are addressing the message/subject to. 

He gives it to John - Ibinigay niya ito kay John.

She gives it to him. - Ibinigay niya ito kay John.

Notice something similar? the two sentences are exactly the same. The word niya refers to "he" or "she".

I must give it to him. - Kailangan ko itong ibigay sa kanya.

Kailangan - must/a must

I want to give it to her - Gusto ko itong ibigay sa kanya.

Gusto - like or want

I’m going to know tomorrow - Aalamin ko bukas.

Alam - is the verb for "to know"

Since the sentence meant that they're about to know or they are going to know, we changed "Alam" to "aalamin."

I can’t eat the apple - Hindi ko makain ang mansanas

Makain - state of eating

Hindi - no

I have eaten the apple - Kinain ko ang mansanas

Is the apple red? Pula ba ang mansanas?

The apples are red - Pula ang mga mansanas.