Is this correct ?

Here are some notes:

1. The first sentence is a run-on. If you want to define research in a single sentence, then unfortunately, you will have to cut out some of the information. However, a lot of it can be condensed by cleverly choosing your words! For example, here is a suggestion:

Research is the process of answering questions by collecting data and making logical deductions based on analyses of the data. 

The latter part of what you wrote focuses more on the implications of research (how it can be applied), but not the definition itself.

2. There are many different types of research. (For example, I think mathematical and historical research would be quite different. But I think you have captured the important part of the general definition.) I think you wanted keep this definition vague on purpose, but if you wanted to tailor it to a more specific kind of research, that could make your definition even stronger. For instance, you could replace "effective professionals" with "effective statisticians" or "effective apiarists" (bee research?). 

3. In the last sentence, you wrote "through research" at the end. However, this is a bit redundant because you have already stated the method of becoming more effective in the beginning of the sentence. 

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Here are some possible corrections that retain more of your original writing (but it will no longer be a single sentence):

Research is a process of logical steps which is used to collect and analyze data in order to answer questions. Through research, we gain a deeper understanding of issues. Information from the results may confirm or disconfirm information from prior studies. Research can suggest improvements for practice. Armed with research results, people become more effective professionals through research.