Where a Prepositional Phrase Goes in a Chinese Sentence

In this short passage I'll explore two types of Chinese sentence structure and will explain where a prepositional phrase should go in the given circumstances.

There are two basic types of sentence structure in Chinese. While one is made of two elements, which are the subject and the verb, the other consists of three elements which are the subject, verb and object. Let me simply list them below:
1) subject + verb
2) subject + verb + object

What order are they in when adding a prepositional phrase to the two types of sentence(Because you mention this next)? Well, in Chinese, the order of a prepositional phrase varies in the two sentences. Still, let me simply put them as formulas:
1) subject + prepositional phrase + verb
2) prepositional phrase + subject + verb + object

If you don't like the terms of grammar, I'm going to illustrate them by using sample sentences. I'll show you the Chinese sentences first, then I'll also translate the Chinese sentence word-for-word into English without any changes.

1) subject + prepositional phrase + verb
1.1) 我 在北京 工作。 I (in Bejing) work
1.2) 我 在家里 吃晚饭。 I (at home) have dinner）
1.3) 我 在北京大学 读书。　I (at the Beijing University) study

2) prepositional phrase + subject + verb + object
2.1) 在北京，我发现人们常常在饭店吃饭。 (In Beijing) I've noticed that people often (at restaurants) have dinner.
2.2) 在中国，好像人人都学英语。 (In China), it seems everybody is learning English.
2.3) 在澳大利亚，几乎人人都会游泳。 (In Australia), almost everyone can swim.

Note: Your writing is overall very good! You have ver few grammatical mistakes. I really mostly noted improvements in fluidity and the naturalness of the phrasing. 

A word-for-word translation can also be called a "direct translation," but because "direct translation" has other meanings as well, the context is important. My Chinese teacher casually calls it "Chinglish" because it is English, but with Chinese structure, and therefore half-Chinese, half-English. 

Let me know if you have any questions on any of my corrections!