Note #7 One of the most widespead arguments against psychological nature of placebo says that it can be witnessed even amongst animals and little babies. According to this logic, animals and babies don't have any mind so they can't be aware of being treated and therefore, can't expect any improvement. That leads to the conclusion that placebo seems to work differently, even magically. Actually, these observations don't object the modern idea of the placebo mechanisms. Pavlov had described how the dogs that got some morphine injections later showed the same reactions after being put in the same surroundings. If we are likely to think that animals and babies can't consciously expect any improvement, then, as it comes to them, placebo effect can be fully explained in terms of conditioned reflex forming.